Uh like I was saying, you know, for the past uh three years, I've been giving a a world geography course, and I encourage you to look into it. It is fun. I've been doing it for three years. It was a one-year program that if you came over that period of the year, you really got to know where the countries
were around around the world. And there was so much appeal for it. I came back a second uh second year and I've been asked and then I was asked to come back again to a third year. And it looks like I'm going to go into a fourth year as well. Uh and it's the type of uh program
where you can miss a course and it really doesn't I mean a program it really doesn't mean anything. Um it's not like you know you you miss one program and then you miss the whole course. It's not like that at all. So if you got some time you want to change a pace you want to learn a little bit about geography try it. I think you
might enjoy it. But in any case, u because of that of that work, I repeatedly uh said to my self during the presentations, um geez, uh um you know, I wonder if there's historical discoveries unth
20th century, you know, and based on that, I decided to put this presentation together and I found that uh there's a number of discoveries that have occurred uh in the 20th century. uh and some of these discoveries were
built hundreds in some cases thousands of years ago. I asked myself the question as to why has it taken so long uh to explore these discoveries and and why in the 20th
century? What's magical about the 20th century? Tonight I will try to answer those questions and give you a brief summary of the me of the many discoveries in the 20th century. Uh most of these discoveries have been designated world heritage sites by
UNESCO. After much research uh I found a number of factors uh that have led to these discoveries in the 20th century. First, technological advancements like ground penetrating radar, aerial photography
and surveillance and carbon copy uh dating have helped um archaeologists and explorers to locate, map and date previously undiscovered historical sites. Second,
increase global um exploration through institutions uh uh like u museums uh universities in the US geographical uh um um geographical n what was it uh
national geographic uh society and so they have all focused on on on preservation rather than treasure hunting. A good example is the Howard C uh Carter search for the King Tut burial
site in Egypt. Um, cultural heritage interests have also led to international and national efforts uh uh to use uh um more investigations on sites that have already existed but you know there just
wasn't that interest like for example uh the p the palace of Konosis in in Creek uh in Creek an island that belongs to Greece. Third, accidental findings of historical sites like the terracotta army which was
found by farmers who were digging for a well and they came across this huge discovery. A fourth decline in colonization uh beginning in the 20th century had led to explorers having more accessibility
to historical and cultural sites for systematic and scientific uh uh e excavation. And finally fifth uh global competition uh that is for historical uh artifacts museums in a country's search for
national pride have financed exploration to find and preserve national treasuries uh of of a country. Before starting my research effort, I expected to find around a dozen historical discoveries during the 20th
century. Much to my surprise, uh that number increased to 15 major discoveries. During my presentation, I will mention each one in chronological order. uh in light of the time constraints that we have tonight, I will
only give you key highlights uh for each discovery and encourage you if uh you want more detail to do further research on your own or even better uh make plans to travel to one of these locations, you know, like Machu Picchu, for example.
This is a list that we will be covering. It's pretty interesting. You know, it starts in the early 1900 and goes all the way to 19 So spread spread throughout um throughout the century and have occurred
in different parts of the uh of the world. Okay. So let's start our journey tonight and it begins with the palace of uh of Nosis. you don't pronounce the K uh in Creek that dates back to 1900 BC and
served as an administrative and cultural center for the Bronze Age Manoan civilization. The site was first excavate excavated in 1887 with a more extensive excavation
starting in 1900 by Sir Arthur Evans. The palace covered six acres with multi-level structures having highly ornated rooms with fresco paintings. It uh had bathrooms, toilets, large storage
areas, a water management system for freshwater and waste management, and a theater with a seating capacity of 400 people. Advance. Uh the palace depicts the uh the Mayans as a highly
civilization. Now this is going back to 1900 uh BD uh BC uh for its time is designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 2000 24.
This is kind of a pictorial of what the uh the site looks like today. This is one of the rooms. This is called the throne room. U there are three or four different uh uh throne rooms in the u in the uh in the palace but this is
one of the more prominent ones. Notice how the wall was all decorated with how many people here have been to uh the palace of uh of nosis in creek. Very very interesting isn't it?
Our next journey journey uh is Machu Picchu in Peru at an altitude of 7,900 ft in the Andy Mountains which dates back to the 15th century um Aika Empire
in South America. is often called the lost city of the Incas and it was built around 1415 AD. Uh first and was first discovered by Augustine uh Lazar Raga in
1902. In 1911, uh, Haim Haim Bringham rediscovered the site and began intensive scientific investigation which brought uh, Machu
Picchu to international attention. UNESCO designated it a heritage site in 1983 and described it as a masterpiece of art urbanism architecture and engineering and a unique testimony to
the Inca civilization. This uh picture on your your on your right is the um what's referred to as the tower of Um the way it was positioned um
on the um um at the site, it was in uh this opening right here allowed you to see the sun and you could tell uh basically the time year that it was in ter for agricultural purposes for
a while as to relationship of the tower uh to the sun because the sun position will change as you go through the calendar. calendar when you Yes. and a very, you know, and embedded in the different terraces is a very
integrated irrigation system, you know, that allows distribution of water throughout the different terraces that have different types of farming. I have been One of the neat experiences
was the opportunity to take a climb up to the ridge of the mountain overlook which gave you an entirely different perspective because you're not looking up, you're looking you're looking down. The only problem is it's about a 2hour
climb and you're climbing elevation,000 ft. So you're going up to about 9,000 9,000 ft. uh took about uh about uh about two and a half hour well two and a half hours to make the round the round trip.
Uh next on our journey is the uh Mohenjo Daro um site which was an ancient city uh of the uh Indis Valley civilization in Pakistan dating back to 2500 BC. It
was first discovered in 1919 by RD Banderi from the arch archeological survey of India. Following the discovery, site excavations began in
1924 and continued to 1965. The modern-day name for the city is the Mound of the Dead. It was designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1980. Uh next on our our talk or on our
journey uh is the uh is the tomb of the pharaoh uh Tuken Common uh also referred to as the uh the King Tut or the Sun uh sun
king or the boy king, excuse me, the boy king. um and um who at the time of his death was 18 years old and he was of the 18th dynasty of ancient Greece um of Egypt and was founded uh um in um and in
the valley of the of the king. It was discovered in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter which I had mentioned earlier. The tomb was found intact with little signs of looting which was very
uh um u uh extraordinary because a lot of the Egyptian turn tombs had in fact been looted over the years. But this wasn't the case as far as the king tomb went. There was well over 5,000 artifacts uncovered, including the
golden death mass, which you see here, and uh a solid gold coffin. It was designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1979. Uh this uh slide to your right is um the
interior of the of the of the tomb chamber, and you can see how the walls decorated uh you know with Egyptian uh paintings and from what I understand they told a told a story. It really was considered an
extraordinary finding in the early 1900s especially considering that the uh uh the site was pretty much intact. Yes, >> it's in the valley. Oh. Um, I don't know where it is in relation to the to the other to the other per uh other
pyramids. >> Again, I don't I don't know. I don't know. I'd have to do more more research. My main intent was to, you know, sort of wet your appetite. I don't have all the answers for those sites that I've been to. Uh, the first two, I can provide more detail. Now some maybe somebody
else who has been to Egypt, been to the uh um pyramids uh uh you know in the Valley of Kings can uh can answer her question. Has anybody been to the King Tut tomb? Okay. Uh do you have recall where it was
in relation to the other um the other pyramids? >> It's very I remember but I don't remember well because everything looks the same except here and there. an entrance to a to a tomb. And um in the
last couple of months, of course, the National Museum of Egypt near the pyramids has opened and probably lots of these artifacts are in that new museum. >> Oh yeah, no question about that. And a lot of them end up taking international
tours, you know, as well. For example, has been around the world. >> Anybody else that's been to the uh to the pyramids? I have not. So I don't have any firsthand firsthand knowledge. >> Oh yeah, I'm sure it was. >> I think it was the most lavish um
pyramids that that they were able to uncover simply because they had never been never been uh looted. And um he was a very very young king. Um, and uh, uh, from what I read, he he died from some
some disease that he had at the time. That's why he died at such a a young age. >> And I don't know if it's something like 40 years ago. The Metropolitan Museum of Art had some
of the artifacts from King Tut's tomb, and it was one of the most memorable exhibitions that the Metropol Oh, I'm sure I'm sure it was. >> Uh, next on our our journey, uh, is the
royal tombs of air in Iraq. Um, dating back to 2600, uh, 2500 BC time frame. It was discovered by Leonard Woolly uh, between 1922 and 1934.
The excavation uncovered several thousand burial sites, including 16 royal burial sites accompanied with what they called death pits. And they would hold the bodies of guards and women who
were sacrificed to help uh the the king or the noblemen, you know, in his journey to the next uh to the next uh next world. U it was designated a heritage world a a world
heritage site by UNESCO in 2016. This is a chart that I was able to come about. What's nice about it is the fact geographically it shows you where the site is in relation to the
and it refers back to the civilization of the 2500 BC time frame. And this gives you an idea of the death tip that I talked about as to what you
could find in each of the 16 royal tombs that were uncovered uh during the uh the excavation. Has anybody been to uh uh the uh the tomb? I think that's what you know really so interesting about this. I mean these are
major discoveries from around the world that just you have been to the tomb and what was your what was your experience >> was that >> what was your experience in seeing it? >> Well I I'm claustrophobic so >> Oh okay okay so you never made it down into the tombs. All right. Okay.
>> I almost I almost screamed my head off inside the big pyramid. You're you're crouched. You know you can't stand up. You have to crouch as you move ahead. and my heart was beating fast and I was sweating and I I'm gonna scream, you
know, so I've got to do something. So what I did was I visualized the sky, the blue sky, and things started to calm down. And then we arrived, this isn't the pyramid now, the great pyramid. When
we arrived in the small area, you know, you could stand up and so on and going No problem. >> You know, it's really >> if you're claustrophobic, be ready. >> You know, it's it's really funny. I don't think we really give any serious
consideration to the dedication of these, you know, archaeologists, you know, that worked for years. I mean, in the case of Carter, he worked for years. I think six, seven years, you know, he was running out of funding, uh, and he was just about ready to give up. And the
last year where he was funded, he ended up finding the, uh, finding the two uh takes a lot of dedication and commitment and living in rather harsh you know conditions uh to be able to discover these things. Okay, on our journey uh we are now going
to go uh to the uh Galako u um uh uh temple. It was a well not temple but city with a major temple. It was a Mayan city in Mexico uh during the period 250 to 850 AD.
It was situated in the dense jungle of Capeti um which is I think in the uh north um western part of of Mexico and was dominated by one of the tallest pyramids in Mexico called structure 2.
It was the capital of the Mayan Nake Kingdom and it was discovered uh by American uh scientist Cyrus Lundelle in 1931.
Sirrus excavations however did not start until 1980. I couldn't find any re research as to why it had taken so long since 1931. Uh it was designated a World Heritage
site by UNESCO in 2002. And the way they were able to eventually find this was through aerial photography because up to that time, people just didn't know that. And I think you can appreciate why in the middle of a dense tropical
jungle. Uh the next stop in our journey is the Sutton who um site in England which was a 6th 7th century Anglosaxon burial site made famous by the discovery of a 27
meter uh royal ship in mound number one uh by archaeologist Basil found in 1939. Amongst its ship treasures included the Sutton Who helmet. The site consisted of
18 burial mounds on a hill near the river Debon. It is not a UNESCO site which surprised me. It is managed by the British National Trust for places of historic interest and natural beauty.
And this uh you know I was able to really get some nice picture. This is an aerial view of what the looked at. You can see the various various bounds and this is the mass that they found in the in the
you know when I was putting this presentation together I wanted to include more photographs and then I suddenly realized I was going to have 75 to aund charts. It's hard for an audience to sit there and end up going
through all of them, even if you're just flipping them. So, I try to limit it to just uh one chart and then ask if anybody in the audience had personal experience, you know, of sharing it to the uh to the group.
Okay, let us now travel to France. We're going to go to the Lasco um cave. It consists of seven cha chambers. Uh probably the best known is the hall of the bull. Uh it's located in
uh Montigga Montiknak France and it contained more than 600 prehistoric wall paintings mainly of animals like horses, bisons, deers, uh lions, bears and uh and
wolves. and is estimated to be 17,000 to 22,000 years old. The cave was found in 1940 by 18 year old uh Marcel uh Ravidat.
The cave complex opened to the public in 1948 but was forced to close in 1963 uh caused by visitors tour the you know the exposure of the uh of the of the of the caves to CO2 uh to
heat humidity and other type contaminants. Uh the C the Lasco uh five fourth cave uh was built about 400 meters uh from the original site. And the idea of the
French government was to create an opportunity uh for people to fully uh appreciate uh appreciate the the cave because the cave the original cave was off limits after uh 1963.
Um the um uh the uh replicated uh cave opened to the public in 2016. It was designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1979. If I could say something in the
>> the copy that they made for the tourists, >> but if somebody if somebody is a scientist or particularly uh interested in doing research, they're
the only ones who are allowed to go into the >> original very limited >> from what I understand after the cave you know was contaminated through, you know, all the visiting tours, they actually were able to after they closed it, they were able to go
back and renovate uh the cavern. And as you said, it is now not publicly open, but for scientific reasons, you know, is is available for >> they the cave was discovered by by a boy
whose dog fell into a a hole and he was searching, you know, for his all of a sudden, you know, he discovers a cave. >> Yeah. I mean, that's that's one of, you know, the factors that some of these uh uh discoveries, you know, are now
available simply because people found it by chance. You know, I mentioned earlier that the terracotta army in in China. Our journey now takes us uh to the uh the
Sarah Pium of Alexandria in Egypt. Uh which was a Tala Malik era temple found in 300 BC. Uh it was dedicated to the god Sarapis.
uh and um the temple was destroyed in 19 uh uh in excuse me in uh in 391 AD. It was known as the daughter library to the great library of Alexandria. The Pompei pillar uh that you see in
this uh picture is a 27 meter red granite column that was dedicated to the Roman emperor Diolesian in 29 and 298 AD is still standing uh to this day. Early
excavation occurred in uh 1895 but extensive u excavation most of the credit is given uh to the discover uh to the uh exploration that took place between 1943 and 1944
by Allen Ro. It has been designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 17 in 1979. This uh picture here is a depiction of what the looked like back in its time.
And this is a current picture of the temple. The The remaining thing is the color. Has anybody been to the Sarapia? Boy, you guys have an opportunity to be the first to discover some of these uh
you know uh these sites. Okay, this was very very interesting. Um I was surprised that you know you you would have thought for sure that discovery would have taken place before the uh the 20th century. You know our journey now takes us to the Dead Sea
Scrolls that were found in 11 caves um in the West Bank near Jordan on the on the northern side of the Dead Sea between the years 1947 and 1956.
U it's interesting to note I said uh uh because of the research you find out a lot of new things. There's actually been a 12th cave uh found in 2017 that has increased the number of scrolls that are now available today. The scrolls date
between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century BC and includes the oldest known copies of the Jewish uh biblical texts as well as uh um
writing as well as epa works. which are ancient writings uh that are considered uh not part of the script scripture but provides insight as to the meaning of the of the scripture. Yes.
>> Apostro uh there were also sectarian do uh sectarian documents found as well and this sort of described the life of the people at the time that these scrolls were uh uh were first um uh first found.
the uh the uh the the Kum Ron cave, which were the one of the first um caves uh explored that revealed the skulls uh the scrolls, has now been designated uh as UNESCO um uh tenative list, which
means in the foreseeable future it could very well be designated a world heritage site. Yes. It has to stop. >> Has anybody seen the scrolls? the cave sites
as we uh move along. Our next uh travel is going to take us to Pablo Petri. It's located in Greece off the coast of southern Laconia. Uh which is it is and it is the oldest
known submerged archaeological uh town dating back 5,000 years. This the town sank in uh 1000 BC due to a series of earthquakes and um today it is submerged
three to four meters uh in water and from what I understand is amazingly well preserved and intact. It consists of 15 buildings, courtyards, paved streets and and grave sites. It was initially
recognized uh in 1904 but was not excavated until 1967 by Dr. Nick Flemings uh with uh a map being made with the town being mapped out in 1968
is protected by the Nodes uh in the 2016 World D uh do uh monument watch. And this is a picture I was able to come across that actually shows you the structures. They're about uh maybe 30 to
40 feet below the water. Still considered relatively um well reserved. Okay. Um, our next uh stop in our journey is Lucy. And Lucy is a uh three
uh 3.2 million year old fossilized skeleton discovered by Donald Johansson in Ethiopia in 1974. Uh the 400 uh the 47 skeleton pieces
were collected. represents about 40% of the female homminin um species and confirmed that hominins back at that time really had the ability to be able to walk. It wasn't a matter that you know they
were still considered uh you know related to the apes and they climbed but they really didn't walk upright like a human would be. Lucy was named after the 1967 Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with
Diamonds. Uh again, because of my research, I found out that originally I thought this was the the oldest skeleton, but that's not the case. And uh 19 uh in 1949, in 1994,
another female uh hoban uh skeleton was found. it a female was named Arty and um it also was found in Ethiopia but it dated back uh 4.4 million years ago and
it had more pieces to it. It had approximately 125 pieces of various bone uh fragments. So you are you know looking at humans skeletons that go back you know 3 to
four million million years. Pretty impressive. I thought this was a nice comparison of the two. You can see that party has any archaeologist in the crowd. Okay.
Now, something that I think you're all more familiar with uh is the uh the Terracotta uh army. Sometimes referred to as the Terracotta Soldiers. Uh it was discovered, as I mentioned earlier, by farmers digging a well in Shen, China in
1974. The Terracotta Army was created around 200 uh 2009 BC to guard the maz mausoleium of the first emperor of uh of China
Huang. The discovery revealed more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 uh chariots with 520 horses, 150 calorie uh calvaryary horses uh and also non-military figures. Each figure
had its own unique uh design. There was no one u a soldier for example that looked exactly like the other. Each one was individually crafted by the by the Chinese. And it's pretty pretty pretty amazing when you when you think about
that. And it became a uh it was designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 18 1987. And this is the the best one that I could end up finding that really gave
you an appreciation of the of the magnitude, you know, of this um of this finding. And this army's job was to guard, you know, the emperor uh when he died and went into the next uh next world.
Uh has anybody been to the terracotta? Okay. What was your experience? >> Okay. When she saw the the cage has been just, you know, made open to the the public.
Now, did you see Okay. Okay. She has traveled over 100 countries and when she was in China, she also, I'm sure, not only saw but walked the uh the wall of China. Very good. Anybody else? Yes.
>> I think it might be in the late 1970s. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts had an exhibit that included some of the figures, but that was in Boston. Okay.
Okay. Uh continuing with our talk. Uh uh now we're coming uh to the royal tombs of uh of CPAN. Um and this uh is a tribute to the uh Mo
civilization in Peru. It was discovered in 1987 by archaeologist Walter Laava. The discovery revealed over 13 royal uh tombs that were still intact at the time
of their discovery. The tomb of Lord Can contained 450 artifacts of gold, silver, jewelry, and ceremonial burial ite burial items. The artifacts found in the tombs understands have traveled around the world. It was interesting. It has
not been designated a world heritage site as of the as of the present moment. This is a picture of the tomb of Lord Cantan and uh and you can see his his coffin and some of the artifacts that
were left. Again, they likewise had laborers and soldiers in tuned with with him which is very very common, you know, back in those in those days.
>> Yes. really now they saw so you actually wasn't at the site they had an exhibit in Lima Peru and she had the opportunity to to see it >> you know a thing that I found in my travel I've done she has traveled to
over 100 countries. I've only traveled uh to uh to about 75. So I'm a baby in comparison to her. But I have found in my travels, especially to these historical sites in the beginning, they don't necessarily give the impression before you get there, that it's going to
be dull, not going to be much to see. We're just going to do a lot of walking and you know, see a lot of burials and esavations and that's about it. And that's not the case. You know, you go there and you see this and you're just overwhelmed. For instance, when I was at
the palace of Nosis, you know, I was amazing to see that they had, you know, basically running toilets and they had a drainage system uh for getting the waste out of the out of the city. Um they had storage room, very well organized
society. Uh that um really impressed me, you know, back at that time. You're saying that the jewelry but very very Okay. Uh the um the last site that that
we're going to end up uh going to is the um is the uh the uh Gabbeci uh tape tape tape uh settlement in Turkey which dates back to 9500 BC. It was known for its
large circular structures with large stone pillars. It was first um recognized in 1963, but was not excavated until 1994 by archaeologist
uh Claude Schmidt. It was designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in 2000 2018. That basically ends the ends the uh the journey as far as uh um
the 20th century went and doing the research though I was amazed uh by the the number of discoveries that were found in the 21st century and so I was thinking that maybe sometime in the foreseeable future I would give another
talk you know highlighting the discoveries that they're still finding you know as we approach uh the 21st century and one of those findings like I that uh was another cave containing more of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Does anybody
have any comments?