for here. Raise your hand. >> Oh, awesome. Well, welcome back. And for those of you who it's your first time here, uh, I'll introduce myself. Uh, my name is Christine Rank Carter. I'm the executive director of the Lipa Ratner Museum of Art here at the beautiful
campus of Tarpon Springs St. Petersburg College. We are just delighted to have you this evening as we have partnered with the city of Tarpon Springs Sustainability Committee and the Fish and Florida Wildlife Commission to bring
you this special program with Rhonda Lour who welcome Rhonda. Rhonda is a biologist for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission and she will be giving the presentation on living with coyotes in our community.
This subject is, I think, something that we can all relate to as coyotes have a presence in many of our neighborhoods, including our beautiful campus here. I've seen many. So, I'm excited to learn a little bit more about what to do and not do as we see them crossing our
campus. As a contemporary art museum here, uh, that serves the students of St. college in all disciplines and the community at large. We are honored to bring you this program and invite you to explore our galleries at the end of the program where art and science often
merge as we highlight the wildlife and Florida and fauna of our beautiful state of Florida right behind you in the galleries. This program will be about one hour and uh includes questions and answers for Rhonda if you uh are so
inclined and the program is also being recorded just so you know and it will be available by the city for the future. I want to thank Holly Langston from the city of Tarpon Springs for helping to coordinate this event along with Dr.
Carol Mkett, who serves on the Tarpon Springs Sustainability Committee and is a respected artist of the Lipa Ratner Museum of Art family and has worked with us on several programs that merge art and science of biology and the
environment. So without further ado, I'd like to welcome Dr. Mkett who will introduce Dr. or Rhonda Lour. Thank you, Christine, for generously opening the museum to the city of Tarpon
Springs. So, I am Dr. Carol Mkett and I'm the chairperson of the sustainability committee, which is one of the Tarpon Springs citizen volunteer committees and boards. The sustainability committee promotes environmental,
economic, and social interests, responsibilities, and longevity within the city. This evening's program came out of work of the sustainability committee and our city liaison, Paulie Langston, the
sustainability coordinator at Tarpon Springs. Um, so I'd like to um welcome the sustainability committee members and Loretta who's doing our video sits on our committee
and Denise is our former chair of our committee. So we welcome you as well. So we also have in our audience Tex Carter who's the president of West Claustroman Preservation Group and do
you want to put your hand up? So he and his cohorts will be at our December sustainability committee meeting which is always on the third Thursday of every month and all of you are welcome to come. During our committee discussions, it
became very clear that our neighborhoods are experiencing a fair amount of coyote activity. We also know our neighbors were reacting in very different ways to their presence. So, we thought it would be a really good idea to have a coyote
expert give us a presentation to our community. So, we learned how to live with our wildlife neighbors with especially with the coyotes. We are so fortunate to have an expert who agreed to come and talk to us and
that's Rhonda Lour. So, she's the senior wildlife assistant biologist with Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation. So, please welcome Ronda Rhonda and her coyote sidekick Zeus.
Thank you very much. Can you hear me in the back? Okay. >> Yeah. >> Okay. So, I'm going to talk to you guys a little bit this morning about coyotes in Florida, but the emphasis really is going to be urban coyotes. Um, we take
calls from residents statewide on this topic. It's actually the from my program, it's the second most common reason why people are calling behind bears. So, we do get a lot of people wanting to have more information about coyotes and how to prevent conflicts in
the future. So, tonight, here's going to be what we're going to talk about. I'll give you a little bit of coyote biology. Um, and then I'll go right into public perceptions of coyotes because there's a lot of them. And the most common concerns the public has are going to be things like disease or pet loss or risks
to people. So, I'll cover all of those in this presentation tonight. And then I'll also leave you some tips for minimizing conflicts in the future and then I'll open up for questions at the end. So, I think a good place to start off when we're going to be talking about coyotes here in Florida is to talk about
the history of expansion across North America. The red in this map, this is going to be what their historic range was. Now, there's fossilized evidence that states that or indicates that there was coyotes here in Florida before any of us ever got here. But as people
started colonizing the eastern part of the US, what they found was wolves, not coyotes. And wolves naturally used to suppress coyote populations. They were hunted to the point of virtual extinction. They were extrapated all the way out west. And once that occurred, it
left an opening for a midsized predator to take its place. And that's where the coyote comes in. So as you look through this map, you're going to see different colors. And that shows every decade how far north, south, and east that they
they they expanded. the last reported um coyote southern the southernmost area was going to be Panama. They may already be in South America at this at this point. But if we look at at Florida specifically, there have been a lot of studies that have occurred to really
tell us how and when coyotes really became apparent here. So the first study that was conducted was back in 1983 and that study showed that coyotes were present in all the all the counties shaded here in green including Orange County. The next
study was seven years later 1990 and during that study they found coyotes present in all of these counties. Now, there was a three-part study and this was done through the University of Florida and the first part of that was a scent survey study and that's where they
take a plot of land, they clear everything out, it's all sandy, they put a scent lure in the middle and then they watch and look for tracks to see what showed up. That scent survey showed that there were coats present in these counties here. We also had carcass data. So, coyotes that were found roadside,
say, for um vehicular strikes, and that put coyotes present in all of these counties, including Pasco, just to the north. And then from personal communication with people just living around the state and their sightings and taking pictures, they also found that coyotes were present in every single
county here in the state of Florida by 2000. Now, interesting, the most southern coyote observation was going to be in Kargo, and that posed some questions. Why were there coyotes there? How did they get there? And it was interesting because at that time,
Helargo was known to be uh have one of the largest cat colonies, barrelcat colonies in the state. So, that's a really powerful attractant for coyotes. Now, they could cross land bridges just like you and I do. But turns out they can also swim pretty well. I also This
is from the Lake Worth Lagoon. And we got this photograph. This was before 2020. It was one of the first photographs we had seen here in Florida. coyote swimming across one of the channels and he's way out there. I don't know if you're familiar with Lakew Worth Lagoon. It's over by West Palm Beach. I
I wouldn't be able to swim it. Um but he's out there at a channel marker and this picture was taken by somebody that was in a boat. >> Since then, we've had a lot of other documentations of coyotes swimming these channels and getting to our barrier islands. Um it's not uncommon to find coyotes swimming in the waterways uh
anymore. >> But basic coyote biology is going to be simply this. The adults are going to weigh somewhere between 25 and 40 pounds. They do mate in the winter. They have pups in the spring. Both parents are excellent parents, too. They both
have an active role in caring for their young. The litter size on average is six pups. We can talk a little bit more about that in a little bit. Um, their home range is also something that I found interesting whenever I started working for this agency. in your natural areas like your rural counties, Hardy,
Dodto counties, they need about 15 square miles to find enough food to sustain sustain themselves. You put that same coyote in an urban area like Panllis County, they only need about three square miles to find enough food to sustain themselves. I mean, it's
quite quite remarkable how adaptable they are and how omnivorous they are to find foods to sustain themselves. So looking a little bit more into what coyotes are eating particularly in urban areas. Um there was a coyote diet study done um ended a little over 10 years ago
and this was through Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute and what they did was they collected st uh coyotes from all over the state. um some had been victims of a vehicular strike, some had been shot legally. And they
examined the study contents and here's the gen general breakup from that study. Not surprisingly, about 31% of their content of the stomach overall was about was mammals, but there were some surprising parts of it as well. Insects 15, that's a lot higher than I think
anybody expected. Um they were also eating a lot of vegetation, 22%. And then the anthropogenic portion at the top um at 9% that's man related food. So that's foods that they are getting that they would never be able to find out there on their own. They need
us to help find that food. >> So here are some pictures that was collected out of that study too. They are not terrible but they are pretty interesting. This one here is going to be from a coyote in Pensacola and that is going to be dog food. So that's an anthropogenic food item that I was
talking about before. They can't find that on their own out in the wild. This one was from Penllis County. This one was hit by a car and that's cooked chicken. Again, they're not going to be able to find cooked chicken on their own as well. It's hard to say whether that the the Katies was coming across this
food intentionally, meaning somebody was feeding them on purpose, or if they just came across the food sitting out, they were in a trash bag and pulled it out. But regardless, you know, both of those are going to be something that a coyote is going to look for here in an urban setting. They'll also eat things like
butter wrappers, candy bar wrappers. They'll just eat the wrapper and all. >> Now, the next couple of pictures are going to be my favorite. Um, the one here on the left, this is going to be 47 small mammals. They look like they're all mice or small rats. >> Possums.
>> I don't you see a possum up there? >> Well, 47's incredible because take about five um hours to digest their food. So within five hours of this animal dying, he had consumed 47 small mammals. That's incredible.
>> That is >> This is another interesting photo. Um this is all insects. And I don't know if you can see, this is a pretty good screen, but it looks like they have identified the insects on this plate to be roaches. So I always tell people, if
we could just get the coyotes to eat the rats, the mice, roaches, we'd all be so happy and want them our under house all the time. But that's just simply not what happens. And there's a lot of public concern when we're seeing coyotes in areas where we live, densely
populated areas. And those common concerns I have listed here. Um, people are worried about the size and that size being too big for a person to handle. They're worried about overpopulation of coyotes. >> Disease is another one. Rabies, mines,
distemper. They're concerned about pet loss and also risks to people. I mean, these are all pretty common concerns. So, I'd like to just kind of break those down and cover them one by one. We'll start off at the top with size. Um, coyotes during that same study that we
conducted several years ago were weighed all of them were. And what we have here is going to be the graph from that study. So, as you can see, the majority of coyotes are going to weigh in the 25 35 pound mark. Um, none of the coyotes
that were weighed during that study were over 40 pounds. Now, I do know that there have been a few since then that have been collected and weighed and they have gone just above. Um, I don't think I've had a coyote yet here in Florida go over 45 pounds, but I'm certainly not out there weighing them all either. Um,
they're going to be compared most commonly to a German Shepherd dog. Now, German shepherds are pretty large dogs. They weigh around 70 pounds. Um, so coyotes, although they're the same size, they do not weigh the same amount at all. Um, they're much more laggy. Uh,
they don't have quite that same mass as a German Shepherd does. If you are truly seeing a canine and it is going to be 60 70 pounds, it's it's going to be a dog. Um, we just don't know how coyotes get that big here in Florida.
Now, going back into the public concerns, we can talk about overpopulation of coyotes. What happens if we get so many coyotes breeding and they keep having babies and nothing happens and pretty soon we have all of these coyotes and they're going to run out of food and then then what happens?
Coyote parents are are excellent, obviously. Um they're really good at taking care of their young, but they do have a hard life, particularly in urban areas as well. So, we have had some studies done nationwide and here in Florida as well through the University of Florida and the survival estimates
can vary depending on where that coyote is located. Now, what they do know is that adult survival is much greater than juvenile survivor survival. So, when they're young, that first year of life, that's a crucial year and not not all of
them make it. They've also learned that resident survival, meaning coyotes that have an established territory and are living here permanently. They know the area more. So, they're much more capable of surviving than the transient ones. The ones are just going to be moving
through trying to find their own location. Whatever system that we're talking about, um, harvest, which is hunting legally, um, or lethal removal is the most common mortality cause cause followed by vehicular strikes.
Now there is such a thing called carrying capacity and what that means is there is only enough food to sustain an animal on the landscape. So once it runs out of that food it's kind of got a decision to make it. The decision is do
I stay here and wait for food to show up and potentially die or do I leave and go somewhere else? I think coyotes as well as other animals, if they realize and recognize that the boo sources are limited and they do not have the options they once did, they'll decrease their litter size and they'll probably leave
and go elsewhere looking for food. >> Going back to another public concern which is going to be disease. um people seeing coyotes out there there's concern what if they're raid rabies is interesting with coyotes because this is going to be a chart from the department
of health and this is a public chart you all can look this up on the Florida Department of Health uh anytime you want to and this is a 20-year breakdown of confirmed rabies cases by species uh it is a 2022 I'm not sure why it hasn't been updated yet but regardless I mean
the numbers still stay pretty consistent Um, >> four coyotes. I think it's two is on this one. >> Two. >> It's three. Um, there was another case this year up in Jacksonville. >> So, that one has gone up by one, but still over a 20 year period, we've had
three coyotes in the states test positive for rabies. You compare that with some of the other species like umsats. Yeah. Bats, cats, uh, foxes are pretty high, too. And >> raccoons, of course. Yes, that number is
pretty small for coyotes. So, we don't find that coyotes are testing positive for rabies quite so much. But what I hear more about than anything else when it comes to coyotes is Maine. And I think that in Panelis County, I think I hear more about Maize than I do any
other county here in the state. Um, there's two types of mange. It's demodric or demodectic or sarcoptic. And it's not a disease. Mange is a parasite. It burrows under the skin. It causes intense itchiness. They lose their hair. Um, it can be lethal. In fact, it often
is in coyotes because they don't have access to veterinary care. >> So, they end up scratching and scratching and if they scratch open sores, it can lead to secondary infection which can cause mortality and often does. >> Some of them can make it through it, but
often they don't. And mange is easily treated if there is veterinary care or physician care. Um, it's just you have to get them to the physician in order to get that oral or topical prescription that they that they need. It is spread primarily through direct contact. That
means if a coyote is running through your yard and it had mange and you let your pet outside, it's really unlikely for your pet to be able to pick that up because once that that parasite falls off of the animal, it has to find another living host extraordinarily
quickly and often it does not. So, they're very specific about keeping on that living host and and and not leaving. Other concerns, pet loss, and that's a really good concern. People should be concerned about pet loss when it comes to coyotes. Um, coyotes are going to be
a midsize predator. They're going to be looking for prey items that are going to be smaller than them. And often that's going to be a lot of our dog breeds that we have. Now, this is going to be a breakdown we had in calls from just one year a few years ago. And we record all of the calls that we get in the state on
top of bears or coyotes. And the primary reason why people are calling into the FWC is to record a coyote in the area in the yard as sighting or observation. And they might have some concerns that go along with that. Now, killing an animal,
you'll see that is going to be the next highest category at 207. But animal is going to be a broad term. So, we've broken that down, too. So, you get an idea of kind of what the animal would be. The number one animal that a coyote is going after is a cat. And those cats,
if they're outdoor only, if they're feral, if they're indooroutdoor, and they're being recorded, we still put them in this category. So coyotes have learned over time that there are cats that are going to be in the landscape and there are sometimes people that are feeding and supporting those cats and
when they are that is an ample food supply for coyotes and that's really a big reason why we're seeing coyotes in some some populated areas. I'll show you some really great information here in a couple of slides on that topic too. But there's a really easy way to keep your pet safe and that is just to simply um
you know keep them on leashes. Now when we have our dogs on leashes, they are much more safe. Particularly going to be the short the short leashes, six foot or less, because you're going to be right beside your dog. You are going to protect your dog as being the top of the food chain. Coyotes are not the top of
the food chain. We are um so the dogs that we had that were reported um over this period of time here, which is our our fiscal year. Um the ones that were reported primarily as being attacked by coyotes were off leash. Now, that could have been the dog in the yard unfensed
with the coyote, you know, just running through it, sees the dog, there's nobody around. That's a prey opportunity. But I know that we kind of get into a false sense of security. If we have a low fence around our property, like a rod iron fence at 3 and 1/2t or 4ft
chain link fence, and our dog can stay contained back there, that's fine. that, you know, for your dog to not be able to leave the property, but that's not going to keep a coyote out or another animal out. So, I'm always reminding people, don't leave your dogs in your backyard
thinking that they're going to be safe, particularly at night, because if a coyote can just simply jump in, grab a dog, and jump out, they will. So, leashes absolutely work. And then, of course, risks to people. you know, we're always worried about what if what if the coyote just attacks
me or attacks attacks a child in the area. Um, we really don't find that to be a statistically large number. In fact, we're kind of overlooking um the K9 group as a whole and their impacts on people. Um, for coyotes
in a 15ear span, we're looking about eight almost nine attacks per year on average. That's two fatalities. one in Canada, one was in California in 1981. That was an area where they were actively feeding coyotes. Um, and
since then here in Florida, um, we really have had very few attacks on people. The ones that I know of were going to be two of those rabid coyotes that did end up biting biting somebody at the time, but they had, you know, care afterwards and, you know, the coyote was removed from the landscape.
But when you look at domestic dogs, I mean, they're causing thousands of dollars every year in ER visits. And there's even been quite a few fatalities, too, even here in in Panelis County. So, the the risks to people from coyotes statistically is extraordinarily
low. Um, but they can also present themselves as not fearful of people, but there's ways around that, too, which I'll go into in a minute. So I still get the question though. Can we just get rid of the coyotes though? >> No, we don't want to.
>> Yeah. Those is right. And it's it's not because it's it's because the eradication efforts have been attempted over the past nationwide. They've gone as far as shooting coyotes from helicopters. I mean, they have been persecuted. There
have been bounties in states for coyotes. And remember, they're expanding. So, eradication is not something that has ever worked. Their breeding dynamics are incredible. Um, remember I said in the beginning how they can have an average six pups per
litter. If the environment is right and there's enough food availability, they can have as many as 12. So, if they see that opportunity, they will increase their litter sizes and you could end up having more coyotes than you even started with in the first place. Coyotes
are territorial. They want to keep other coyotes out of their territory and they'll start singing or vocalizing or making yips and howls and that's this is the time of year when you're going to hear that too. Um, and they have a high replacement rate. They're extremely adaptable. They are very intelligent. They're they're
trap shy and unfortunately they are here to stay. Um, when I say that they're territorial with a high replacement value, there is a study that's currently being done in partnership with us in the University of Florida. This is in Broward County and this is very recent.
This was this year's coyotes. They collared 10 coyotes in Broward County and are tracking them to see where they go. How are they living in urban spaces? What are their urban territories looking like? So, this is going to be one coyote in particular. And if you look here at this green dot at the very bottom, that
was a vehicular strike on that coyote and he died. Nine days later, a different colored co collared coyote came in and assumed that same territory. I mean, look at this. I'm going to go back. I mean, look at that. That's
incredible. It was nine days. So, this is extremely interesting and this is something that uh University of Florida is looking into more, which is the the space strategies that coyotes use and how do they know when a coyote is removed so quickly to take that space
over? Is it by scent? >> It could be by scent and it could be by those vocalizations that I was talking about, too. Remember, I mean, if they're howling and talking and, you know, telling another coyote, I'm over here. This is my space. And that that voice goes away, that could be an indicator that, hey, it's available for for a new
tenant. >> It also looks like some of the areas it's around are water features. >> Yes, that's true. >> Now, when we're talking about in urban spaces. We were talking about attractants a lot. Why do they stay here? What are they eating? How can we
prevent them from getting so much food and sticking around? This is from Rhode Island. Um this was a study they did where they had tracked they had called coyotes and were um looking at two these are two feeding stations, one up here
and one down here. And these are coyotes just going back and forth all day long to the station. So what happened was they shut those stations down, got rid of them. They're not there anymore. And then they monitored it for three or four weeks and this was the activity in the area.
>> So it's really interesting to see how a feeding station can impact coyotes activity levels. And remember that these are paths back and forth. So everybody along this path is seeing these coyotes all, you know, day in and day out. Based on this study and based on my
conversations with other people here in Hillsboro, up sorry, Penelis County, um I wanted to do something similar because it sounded like I was hearing from people who were having the most problems with coyotes were also having feral cat colonies that they were taking care of.
So, we created a map and this is going to be Penelis County here of known feeding stations. I I couldn't find all of them. It's not up for public domain, but just from conversation with people or what I was seeing out there myself, um I did find a few of them and
I wanted to overlap what our hot spots for calls were. So like here for example, there's three kind three stations where they were feeding cats pretty close to each other. Look at all the calls like all this is red with yellow in the middle. That's a high call volume right there. And same with here.
Um we had a couple. So, you're going to see that there there there can be some relationship or correlation between putting that food out for a cat, which is illegal, and coyote activity. So, they can eat anything that's going to eat that cat food, or they will eat the
cat food itself. Either way, they're getting fed. So, it's really important to remember that if you're putting food out for animals, cats, you want to pick it up so that coyotes are not finding it. Now, we have um wildlife conflict that we will talk to the residents or public
about on a daily basis. And when we're talking about conflict, we we identify behaviors like what are the behaviors that are causing conf conflict. A coyote just being in the area is not a conflict. It's not going to be an an issue that we would find concerning
about a coyote. But if a coyote is causing property damage or if he is presenting a threat to public safety or if he's living under a house, for example, borrowing under a house, which they rarely do, that is going to be defined as a nuisance behavior um per
our guidelines. And at that point, coyotes can be removed. Um they're extremely difficult to trap and remove though, so that's important to remember. And um even if you do trap and remove the coyote, another one can move right
back in. So my program and my staff, we're talking with people on how to avoid those problems before they start. So you don't have to get to this point where you're trying to remove a coyote that has developed some bad behaviors. And one of the things that we talk to people about on a regular basis is
scaring coyotes away because I'm often talking to people who are afraid of the coyotes and what their instinct is is to run away or go in the house and wait for it to leave or take a picture and post it on social media. Um, when a coyote
sees this behavior from us, they start to think that we don't care if they're there. So, we don't care, then why hide? And they will lay in your yards if you let them, which is pretty much what happened um at another community closer
to 60 here in Penllis County. Um, they we were getting written reports from the residents there that coyotes were brazen. They were laying in a golf course and people were playing golf around them. So, we went out to see what was going on and see if that was really
the case, if they were not afraid of people any longer. Um, turns out that it wasn't that they weren't afraid of people, they just weren't being challenged. So, one of my staff showed them how to haze coyotes. And this is what it looked like here.
There is some sound. It's very low. He wasn't used to this. Now you'll see him and you'll keep walking and then he'll turn and look at the broad side. Still coming. Is she still coming? She is. He keeps going. So, you don't want to stop. If
the coyote stops and she stop, he would think, "Okay, she just wants me to come back. Come here." And then he'd probably lay down. Keep going. She walked him all the way off of that golf course and right onto the canals trail.
And this is a melanistic coyote, too, by the way. if you're interest curious about the coloring. >> Was that a hole through the fence? >> It was. >> Uh, this video is also now on our website with n some narration to it as well. And I
believe other states picked it up just because of the just in incredible circumstance. You rarely get to see coyotes behaving like that. And you shouldn't. It just takes a little bit of pressure on our part to to get them to move away. So, um I'm going to wrap up
and we can open for questions, but I'll leave you with some facts. Uh they do occur in every state with the exception of Hawaii. Um here in the US, they are in every county here in the state of Florida as well. Attacks by coyotes on people are extremely rare and that's a
national statistic. They will eat and kill small cats or cats and small dogs. Um they can raies, but it is very rare. Now, I'm going to leave you some advice, too. First of all, never feed a coyote.
It is illegal in Florida. Um, it is only going to break down those behaviors and they will become a public safety threat at that point. Um, prevent access to garbage, pet food, anything like that. Keep your cats inside. Have your small
dogs on short leashes next to you and in a well fenced in yard. follow those hazing recommendations to consistently frighten coyotes away. And I do have um some whistles over here with uh lights on them if anybody's interested. There's
also some pet bags or pet carriers pet bags and carriers, too. This is all all for giveaway. If a coyote does approach and you have a pet with you or a small child, just pick them up. Be prepared to defend yourself. I've never had that scenario unfold, but
we do tell people, be prepar be prepared to defend yourself. never run from a coyote. If you run, it does encourage their instinct to give chase and to predict. So, if you do have a problem, um, who can you call? Here are some numbers and
email addresses here on the screen. We do have our website, which has a lot of information, including including that video that I just showed you. Uh, this is our regional office here in Lakeland. That's where my office is. The wildlife alert hotline. This is a 24hour, 7 day a week phone number. They are open on
holidays and everything. And then we also have our Wildlife Assistance Program email address as well. Um, I'm going to open up questions here now, but I'll leave this screen on in case anybody would like to write anything down. Okay. Yes.
>> Uh, does the illegal feeding of of coyotes include feeding them poison? >> It it does. It's going to be a different category. It is a violation to feed poison to any wildlife here in Florida.
Um, the impacts that can arise from poison could not just impact the animal that you are poisoning, but you could ultimately be unintentionally killing birds of prey or other animals that would potentially come and and feed on
the animal that was deceased. So, poison is out. >> Yes. If you uh happen to come upon a pup, could you uh tame it or would it does it always have that wild streak? >> Um the just in case you can't hear in
the back, um if you came across a pot, could you tame it? And I had this happen this question come up last week, too. >> Take it home and raise it. >> Yeah, take it home and raise it. Well, first of all, you can't do that. That's illegal, too. You have to have a permit through FWC to take it home. But um yes,
I bet you could take it home and it would have some sort of tame behavior initially. My prediction though would be that it would become a handful very quickly. Uh a lot of wildlife does. You just don't have once they're once they're small and you can hold them like this, that's great. Once they get big
though, it's it's they'll destroy your house. So it's not only not advisable, I would just leave that up to the people that have the licensing. Yes. Go ahead. >> When did you call? You said there was a dark coyote. What do you call it? >> Melanistic. >> Um melanistic.
>> It's an overpigmentation. Um it it they're not the only animals that have melanistic varieties. So bobcat would be another one or jaguars, leopards. There's the black leopards and then you have the regular spotted ones. Um the black leopards, it's you can still see the spots on them. It's just
they have so much pigment they look black. >> But they they'll because we have a light one and a dark one in our neighborhood. They were probably aair. >> It could be. >> Yeah. When I first started with the agency, melanism and coyotes,
it was kind of cool to see, but now there there's quite a few that are everywhere. We've got one in Lake Mary right now that's uh got Lake Mary up in a in an uproar. Um he's been out there for a couple of years. Very very showy and um everybody's able to get a lot of
sightings of him. Yes, >> cats are pretty cany. I'm surprised that a that that they are bested by a coyote. >> They they are coyotes. I don't feel that
comparing them to all types of different predators. I don't feel that coyotes are the best at predation. There's a lot of cats that get away from coyotes. There's dogs that get away from them. Sometimes they're even uninjured because they're not quite as efficient as like your panthers, your catch a wild cat. Those casts, they will wait for that perfect
moment and they rarely miss. Coyotes do, but coyote cats are going to be so much smaller than coyotes that they're pretty manageable. So, if they can get um the better of a cat, they'll they can take them take them away from
>> typically a coyote would be two or three times than a cat. >> It depends on the on the cat. Like, if you see some of those orange cats, we get those orange cats that in his panthers all the time and uh yeah they're big but it's it's still just a cat but yeah if it's a smaller cat and
the coyote can manage it easily they will if they can't the cats don't get away. >> Yeah. Go ahead. >> Our our neighbor has a have a bunch of chickens and we were in our backyard. We have to witness those two coyotes come and they were actually playing with the
chickens. I mean, when I say playing, it plucked the feathers out back into the chicken while she was screaming at it and left a bunch of feathers, but the chickens all got away and they were prancing around and they went back in the woods like they were like like dogs play with toys. It was almost like uh
they were just jumping around. >> That sounds like a teen. You had a teenager. maybe practicing the the when they're young like that, their first year of life, especially right when they leave their parents, they they make some questionable
decisions. USDA will say, "That guy's going to get hit by." >> Wouldn't the adults do that to teach to teach the young >> What's that? >> Wouldn't the adults sometimes do that to teach their pups? >> They will. Yes. They'll go around with the parents and the parents will show them how to find food, where to find
food, what is food, all of that, and try to get them to be self- sustaining very quickly. Um, okay. I think I saw Oh, I'm just going to kind of work this way. I know I saw hand up first over here. Go ahead. >> Go ahead.
>> I was wondering what about >> um >> could you repeat the question? >> Yeah, she's wanting to know should we be afraid of bobcats? Bobcats and coaties are very similar. So, they're if you see one you're uncomfortable, you would want to do the same thing, which is try and scare them away. They're probably just
going to go into a bush line and stop and look at you. Um, that's typically what they do. I I describe their behavior to be very similar to a feral feral cat. Like, they'll let you get pretty close, but not not too close. >> Do you see bobcats here very often?
>> Yeah. >> Okay. >> I saw one the other day, it's just like scared me. I mean, obviously not in now, but I I did at the time. >> There there's not many in in Panellis. Um I remember there was one down by 60 Safety Harbor area, and I remember it it
it came up this way. >> Okay. >> Go ahead. I want to know how long do the pups stay with their parents and once they reach a certain age do they stay in the area or do they try and find a
different >> Yes. >> All right. Um they so coyotes she's asking about the basically the life cycle of pups be in short. Um >> a lot of them >> yeah they they will mate. So they're mating this time of year. They're starting to draw their boundary lines
their territories. you're going to find denning sites and coyotes, they do not use a den all year. It's just for the purpose of raring pups. Um, so usually they're going to start having their pups in about February. I'm saying that very cautiously though because over time I've
noticed that with our weather being as temperate as it is, I'm still hearing about pups in July, which at one time that was I wouldn't believe you, but I've seen photographs of them. So, it seems like the the pup season is getting a little bit longer here. Um, usually
those pups from that year are going to primarily all be pushed out by the time they go into breeding season again. So, that would be somewhere around October, November is when we hear the vocalizing calls coming in. People hear them and people get afraid. They're killing something is what it sounds like to
people. It's not. They're just talking to each other. They may be doing some interfing to push their their young out. Some will stay behind maybe to take care of this year's pups. Um but not always. When they leave, will they stay nearby?
It depends. Is there any room available? If not, no. They're going to be going a long distance uh away. >> So, we have a few that I know of that have gone long distances. One was in the panhandle. Um, I believe it was tap trapped
east of Tallahassee and it was running all the way to Pensacola. I mean, it was going a long way away. >> Um, I remember there was one University of Florida had collared up by Yeha Junction and they lost communication
somewhere in I believe it was Miami Day County. >> So, they can go a great distance away. >> So, yes to everything kind of Um, okay. Go ahead. >> You're welcome.
>> What is the period? I'm assuming it's like that two to three months. I just wonder is it the same? And then secondly, when they pair, do they stay together in that same square miles or do they have their own territory?
>> Um, yes. It is about three months for coyotes and they do bond. So there's a male female bond, pair bond. If they lose a mate, it's going to throw everything off. >> So they will defend a territory as long as they can. If the male ends up
either, well, if either one of them ends up losing their partner, it could it could bring a different one in and their territory boundaries could change or they may have to look for a different territory. in a stable stable coyote
pack. And so that's going to be the alpha male, alpha female, and their pups. Um, they're going to depend a very tight tight area and stay there as long as they possibly can. >> So follow question, I'm sorry, is that three square miles just per dog or per coyote or
>> uh I didn't hear what with the first >> three square miles is that so a pair would be six miles or three I mean it doesn't even matter, but like how much space do they need to sustain themselves? That is going to completely depend on food availability, too. Back to that
study again in Brower County. Um they found a coyote that was living on three acres of property and not leaving not leaving three acres. Um they're getting um little markers every 15 minutes. And
it's really incredible to see that a coyote can live on a piece of property that is that small. find water, find food, and it it's it's remarkable. Um I have a feeling that that's going to be part of um some
sort of study that they're going to put out at some point, just this with that one coyote. But if it's if it's a situation though where there's not enough food or not enough water, they're going to broad broaden that that out. So when I say three square miles per coyote,
it there is some variables to that. Do they have enough food in that three square miles? If they don't, then it's going to move to six or going to move to eight. But it seems like in urban places, they don't have to go far. >> Yeah. >> Yes. >> Okay. Go ahead.
>> Could you talk a little bit about um like there's a lot of well-meaning people that thinks let's relocate them and could you talk a little bit about why lo relocation doesn't work and how trappers do in fact lie to the public? They tell people whether it's a raccoon or a possum, trappers do tell the
public, oh yeah, we're relocating them and they do not. Trapper trappers lie, animals die. So just know if you're calling a trapper, they are going to kill them. >> I've never heard that saying. >> Well, that's because I just made it up. I've got I've got an organization,
Sunshine State Humane Society, and part of our thing is educating the public. Yes. About wildlife issues. Um, coyotes are extraordinar extraordinarily difficult to trap for sure. Trappers know that. Um, they're going to charge accordingly as well. So,
when it comes to relocation, if the coyote is exhibiting one of those nuisance behaviors that I described earlier, they you do have an option. The trapper has an option or the public. It doesn't have to be a trapper. Public can trap too. But the option is that the
animal can be humanely killed within 24 hours of capture or relocated. But there's criteria and the criteria is that that animal has to stay in the same county of capture, released on property 40 acres, 40 contiguous acres or more,
and you have to have written consent from the landowner to release that animal on that site. That's hard to me. So, if you're a trapper and you are trapping coyotes and removing them, um, particularly here in Panalis County, I don't know of any place in Panelis
County that's going to let you release that coyote. So, I can't speak for all chapters and what they're going to do, but that would be a question I I would ask if I were hiring one and they said they were going to relocate it is where are you relocating it to go? >> And see see what the answer is. Um if
it's just like oh I know a piece of property somewhere over in Pasco County that's not that's not legal. >> But then wouldn't also because there are resources wouldn't just like you know nature ignores a vacuum. So then wouldn't another coyote just take that coyote's place. Exactly.
>> Kind of just >> Yeah. Trap and removal. It's not the It's not the magic answer that people seem to think. Like, you know, you put a trap out and you're not going to have, you know, come out the next morning and there's going to be the co you're looking for necessarily in it. They're
really smart about about trapping. They know how to maneuver urban spaces and not find themselves in those types of situations. Um, it's extremely rare. I'll go back to a teenage coyote example though for coyote to go into into a trap
like that. Um we did have in FWC we've got a non-native program. Um they are removing teos and they were setting traps their live traps in I think it was Manatee County and one of the people checking the traps did find a coyote in
that teu trap and it wouldn't leave you to pick it up and dump it upside down to get the coyote out. That was a small coyote. That was a teenage coyote. And that's what I'm saying. They don't make great decisions. >> Um, you had a question. >> Yes. Two things. Um, after I answer you
answer my question where you talk about the dog >> that dog. >> Will I talk about them? >> Yeah. >> And, um, can dogs breed with coyotes? >> They can. There have been a lot of studies nationwide about the genetic makeup in coyotes, wolves versus dogs,
and they combine all three in coyotes, like domestic wolf and coyote. It varies though depending on what region of the country you're in. Um, right now we don't have coyotes breeding with with dogs. We don't have wolves here in Florida. Um, coyotes do not have any
problem finding mates here now. And my main concern would be if they had a dog and that were smaller. You're likely looking at a at a predation situation. Um, but no, there there have been there is some statistical information out
there that shows that there has been some intermingling over over decades. So, uh, this is a little stuffed dog. It's a it's a Chihuahua. And I don't know if anybody recognizes what it's wearing. This is a coyote vest. It was first seen on Shark Tank if you're a
Shark Tank watcher. And the couple that that made this um they had a small pet and they lived I believe it was in I think it was California and they had a problem with coyotes and they wanted to protect their pet. So they came up with this idea and I it does have a
really interesting way in which it works because coyotes if they're going to be grabbing a small dog and coming up to this um the first thing they're going to do is bite down. These are plastic spikes. You can come up and feel them when we're when we're done here. Um, so it's going to be really hard to grab this animal. You're just going to be
getting a mouthful of spikes. If they were to pull hard enough, these supposed to happen. It's they're just velcroed on here. So, they come right off. And so, he's going to be left with a with a mouthful of spikes. Not a not your pet. There's also these harder ones
here, too, which are not going to feel good. So, what I would, you know, what would happen would be the coyote would be very confused if he puts his mouth on it first and it would give the dog some time to to get away and keep the dog safe.
I believe the vest is Kevlar, too. I think that's what the material is. >> Um, go ahead. >> There's one behind you. >> Yeah, the question I had was also about hybridization with dogs or with wolves in Florida and if that
at all. Sounds like >> No, it's not. But but you'll still find some genetic makeup of of wolves and dogs and coyotes. >> Okay. >> And do they make for life? Generally, >> they do. >> Okay. >> Yeah. Okay. Go ahead, ma'am. >> Okay. On the screen, we had a coyote
that was on the golf course, minding his own business, enjoying his afternoon, taking a relaxing, chill, and rest. Is he smart enough to know he's going to come back tomorrow, but I think he's no way around. He's going to come back when he's not That's the first question. The second question is, if you know you like cat
food, although you can't kill them, can you give them a serious taste of indigestion by feeding cat? >> I have been doing presentations for years now and taking questions from the public. These, this is the first time I've had two original questions that I've never had any question in a
presentation before to the same person. Um, okay. Okay. So, the indigestion part, yeah, you probably could give it indigestion. That would be my guess. Um, but you'd have to you seem to be very creative. Um, I don't know what you're
planning on using, but it it makes sense. They could eat the wrong thing. I think though they are pretty smart. If they tasted something that was off, they they probably would eat too much of it. Um, and you could also be impacting what comes out the other end, too, which you
may not want to find. Uh, people love sending us those pictures and they're not all they're not all pretty to look at. Um, your first question, I'm so sorry. What was the first question again? >> Is he going to come back tomorrow? He's not there. He's smart. >> Yeah, he's coming back tomorrow. >> Yeah. You Everybody, everybody has to do
this. You can't have just one person scaring coyotes away because then what will happen is the coyote will say, "Hey, there's that crazy lady again. I'm going to wait for her to leave and then let everybody else just walk. >> What age is a coyote an adult?
>> What is it? At what age is it an adult? >> Yeah. >> Um I >> mean at one year old is it a teenager? >> Yeah. Usually up and that's that's a good question too. I mean usually up to one one year old they're still in their juvenile. Even after that they are
they're still very young but they can start reproducing at two years. How old do they get? How old do they get? >> It depends. Um the 8 to 10 is as is a full lifespan, but their life is so hard
that they don't often reach that age, particularly whenever they're in that first year because we are seeing coyotes being hit by cars a lot. Um and of course we have people that are moving as well. Okay, I see your hand. Um and I'm going to get you first.
thinking about being hit by cars. Is there a number like there are so many? >> Yeah, we we do see so many of them. The only thing that we are in um going to be responding for at this point for vehicular strikes is going to be bear
and pamper. Those are the those are the two that somebody will come out and we'll collect that in. Oh, bald eagle too. And bald eagle also. >> Yes. >> How long do >> um they stay with them usually until mating season's about to happen again,
which is around October, November. But there will be some stragglers that can hang around and and help take care of the the offspring that next year. >> We I live my house back up. So, we have we have a lot of coyotes
that walk through there. There's a denip there are wonder, you know, how long they stay with them. >> Up until last Tuesday when I was in Cape Coral, the most pups that I had ever seen a coyote a coyote with here in
Florida was five. Um, I said that at the presentation last week and somebody came up afterwards and showed me seven in Cape Coral. So now seven is the most that I've seen coyote with, but most of most of the time it's three to five. >> Yes.
Okay. So earlier you mentioned about coyotes crossing yards open. >> Yes. >> Fenced. Will they have you noticed or are they capable of climbing fences? And if so,
what heights have you know we seen? And then as far as that question that is for you and as far as for the sustainability people here uh you mentioned you're going to post it. Will that be if we go to the city website then committees and
sustainability or will it be on connect tarpon that we >> or we maybe have it on both? >> Probably the YouTube channel and um on the sustainability website, >> right? But we can get to that through the city website. So city website and
then there's a thing that says committees. Then you can go to sustainability committee and then possibly have a link there. >> Too long. >> All right. Just so people maybe know how to access >> and >> we're going to make it available and easy to access.
>> Good. >> So people who aren't here will be able to gain this information which is so valuable. >> You had mentioned the yards and fences, >> right? >> Okay. Um 3 and 1/2t fence they can jump. Um they can usually jump four. If
they're smaller they may jump most of it and just climb over the top. They are able to get over six foot chain link fence. Um, they can. Yeah, I have seen it before. It doesn't happen often. Nevertheless, I don't trust six foot
chaining pencils. I've never had anyone yet tell me that they have gone over a um six foot privacy fence, whether it be PVC or wood, with the exception of whatever's on the other side. So, if there's a log pile, for example, or wood
pile on the other side, and they can just jump on that and climb over, they will. The thing about those privacy fences are they can't see through them. So if they can't see what's on the other side, they may not be attracted unless they know that there's something over there they want. They're more likely to
go under those fence because they are really good diggers than they would be to go over it. So although you're not guaranteed any safety with the privacy fences, I've not had issue with anyone who privacy fence in yet.
Where did he come from? >> He was hit by a car in Charlotte County >> and he was 38 pounds whenever we got him. He was the largest one and so that's why he got the name named Zeus. >> Is there any correlation between the
size of the coyote and the weight of the prey it can carry? >> Sure. Yeah. If it's stronger and can carry something away. Yeah. carry its own weight. >> It could. It It would be dragging a lot of it, though. You know, panthers do that, too. I mean, they can carry things
away that are larger than they are, but they're dragging a lot of them. Um, there have been coyotes that have um predated on 100 pound goats before. >> It does not happen very often. And that's in a rural part of the state,
too. So when they get eat something, do they suppose they kill a cat, do they eat the cat there or do they take it back to >> They can do either one. >> Oh, >> yeah. It I think it's going to depend on how
safe they feel where they are. If it's like there's lights everywhere and cars driving by and people maybe walking their pets are probably going to take it somewhere where it's a little bit more private. But if it's pretty quiet out and they feel safe, they might just consume it right there.
>> Okay. I'm going to get your hand first and then I'll get you. >> You Yes. Yes. >> Um here they don't have many. Panthers can, but there's just not many panthers here in Florida. Most of them are going to be south of the Pahachi River. So we don't have a lot of information about um
panthers and coyotes. Um, bears could, but bears aren't aren't great at predation either. They're flatfooted. They're not fast. I mean, coyotes are, pardon me for saying this, they're they are wily. Um, so they're much more agile
than bears are. Now, wolves historically suppress the coyote populations, but since we don't have any here, then there's nothing really suppressing coyotes other than us. And we are going to be the major threat to coyotes at this point. >> Is there actually an issue with
population control for Florida? >> Population what? >> Control for Florida. >> Is there an issue with population? >> Are you satisfied with the population and the way that it's maintaining itself or is it are we over? >> I'm going to say that I'm satisfied, but but hear me out. Um the reason I'm
satisfied is because it's no secret Florida is developing at an unprecedented rate. I mean, we are just adding more and more houses, more and more communities. So, I'm I'm very happy that there are at least some species out there that are able to to persevere
through these changes and through those challenges and still thrive um with no management. Like Panthers, for example, they're slowly their numbers are slowly increasing, but there's a lot of people trying to help them to survive and to thrive. We've got rules and regulations
in place. Coyotes have n that and they are doing just fine. Bobcats is another I mean I have been really impressed with the adaptability of bobcats here in Florida considering everything that we have done to make it very hard on them.
Um it that that is the only I mean that that's where I stand on on on control. Do I think that they need to be controlled? I I I can't say I think that they need to be controlled. I just think that we need to do a better job of
educating the public so the public really understands what coyote behavior looks like when it's good, what coyote behavior looks like when it's not good, and how we can do our part to make sure that they are not creating those nuisance situations that that we're
getting reports of >> coexistence. >> You're right. I don't use the word coexistence quite as much as I used to. It seems like a lot of people have have have turned their back on on that word. Um, but it's really important to know
that, you know, we we all are taking up so much habitat here in Florida and and having a little bit of patience for some of these animals that are just out there trying to survive is is something that we need to consider. We need to be good stewards here in Florida, you know, and I'm talking about animals, but you know,
it could be also, you know, water use or use of pesticides. You know, taking care of environment. It really is important because if we don't have a healthy environment that we're living in, it is going to affect us >> negatively. Um, she had a question for
>> Yeah. I just wanted it was kind of piggybacking off of the other question, but could alligators eat coyotes? >> Yes. >> What's that question? >> Uh, can alligator eat coyotes? >> Oh, yeah. >> Oh, I know. Yeah. Don't don't walk your pets near fresh water. Even even on a
leash. Um, go ahead. >> Is there a story in here? >> Um, no. Somebody just reported. We were We were trying to get a coyote in every single regional office for educational purposes. >> This is was a coyote. >> Oh, yes. >> Oh, yeah. >> You should touch it. It's friendly.
>> Yeah, you can touch him. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. He was a male. >> Um, the taxiderermis and the mount who mounted this did a really good job. Since he was so large, they only have certain size standard forms that they
used and it it looks just to me I think it looks very very incredible. You can if you feel the ear you can kind of see where the where the form ends and where his his ears >> um shoes first and look at you. I realize it's not a coyote question, but
I'm just really curious. Are were black bears a problem that they reopened the hunting season this year after a decade of not having bear hunts? >> I can't I can't say that that's why they opened the black bear hunt. Um that was
the decision the commissioners made to have a bear hunt this season, this year rather. Um and our bear management program, their information that they had for the commissioners was that we could sustain a bear hunt of some sort. And so there
is a a limit that they put on bears in each region. Problemwise, yes, bears are getting into garbage statewide. They are impacting neighborhoods where people live. Um this bear hunt is not going to fix that. There's still going to be a
responsibility that we have. We want in conference with bears to to keep our hands in. That's not we don't have black bears here in Tarpon Springs. Um at least I haven't seen one since I've been here with the agency. Um but there in our other areas like Okala and all
around Okala or Naples um the panhandle, you know, they're they're attracted to those neighborhoods because people just leaving their cans out and the bears are just going up the street and going all the >> Yes. My question is, I've got photographs of Bob Cat.
>> Oh, good. >> In Lansburg. >> Do you really? Okay. >> They also had a problem with them coming out for the children that were waiting for the school buses. >> Okay. >> That's why you see a lot of adults
standing with children. >> We'll talk afterwards. They're curious, but it scares. >> Oh, I know. It absolutely does. Yeah. People and sometimes they'll bring their kittens out too and like babysit them
while the kittens are playing in a common area where people are. >> I don't know why they do that. I wish they wouldn't, but yes, that means >> Well, if there's one, there's got to be more than one. >> Um, they're there's they they don't have they don't raise their young like
coyotes do. It's mom takes care of the kittens. them. They have to mate. >> Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yes. Absolutely. Yeah. But the >> I thought the kids were carrying food for their lunch and I didn't know that that was attractive. >> No, they're they are looking for live
prey. Oh. Yeah. They're not going to care about kids lunches. >> Go ahead. >> As I mentioned, we have chickens around our house and we also have four dogs that need to go outside the backyard and the
high. So, I've Googled coyote deterrent and you get like some kind of synthetic urine that you can spread which goes away once it rains or you can uh they've got eyeballs that are red and they're supposed to look like predators kind of scare them. I think that's kind of
gimmicky. But I've got uh motion detecting lights that will turn on. >> Okay. >> Uh and then I've got a big stick in the backyard and a whistle. Is there anything else I should have out there? I can't that on my four dogs every time they want to go potty. >> Yeah.
>> 10 times a day. You know, >> the the motion lance is probably going to be the first thing they get used to first. >> Well, you know Yeah. Because at first, if they're new and they're not used to it, it's scary, but then as they realize something bad's happening, they become
pretty accustomed to that. >> Um, you mentioned the synthetic urine. What kind was it? >> It's supposed to be like How did it work? >> I didn't use it. I didn't buy it. >> Okay. >> I thought it was kind of a I didn't think it because it only works as long
as it's it set last. >> Yeah, you have to reapply it if you're watering your lawn. If it's the raining season, it has to go up more frequently. I did talk to somebody one time who used the wolf urine. It was a granular form and they used it because it jumped into
their pet yard. They have a dachshund rescue, a tomb of dachshunds. And they said as that went down, the coyotes disappear and they live right next to a fire station. So, I don't know if you have heard coyotes before with the police sirens or ambulances or they
always go off whenever they hear those. I think it has something to do with the frequency of it. Um, they live next to a fire department, fire station and they didn't even hear coyotes anymore. So, I'm really curious to see if I can get more information from somebody else that uses that. If you use it and it works,
let me know. Um, is there anything else that you can do? Uh, >> you know what? What about one of those horns? >> Yes, >> like a graduation. >> Air horns work. >> Yeah, >> they do. Um, this is a coyote shaker. It's just a soda can. And there's this
has I think some pebbles in it. You can use coins, too. Um, it's simple enough, but if you see a coyote and you It's a pretty light, makes a loud noise. They do rock. Um, there was somebody that had tested it out in St. Petersburg and the
coyote ran away whenever that that noise was was made. If you have a a a taser, I'm not talking about the gun that police use, you know, trying to pull pull somebody down. Um, but I there's a flashlight that I bought on Amazon and the button
on it has a has a taser and it's for public safety in case somebody was, you know, going to trying to apprehend a person. Um, but if you make that noise that they don't like that at all and we use that at that golf course in clear water, too. They were running from it.
Um, if you use it around your own pets, you're going to see a reaction to the wheelpower because when we were using it around dogs, they didn't like it either. I don't know what it is about that sound. Um, but it it was scary. >> But loud noises obviously they don't like.
>> No air horns. Yeah. All of that. Just even your voice. >> A paintball is another one, too. If you have a paintball gun and you hit them in the backside, you know, the top nine quarters, it's going to hurt. >> You hit them a couple of times, they see
you come out the door, they're going to take off. Just I tell everybody don't use red balls that method because everyone's gonna think that the coyote's injured and needs to be caught and try and put the coyote in the car and did I see another hand? >> Yes.
>> I'm sorry. One more question. So our neighbors have seen four coyotes walking down the street together. You suspect that's mom and dad. That's what I would look at. >> Thank you. >> Okay. >> Um, if anybody would like any brochures,
if you want the pet bags or those little flashlights or a car air pressure, I have everything over here. Um, and I'll be able to hang around a little bit more, too, if you have any question. >> So, thank you.