[Music] Okay, ladies and gentlemen, we're just about to get started. My name is Brandon Powell. I'm the program coordinator here at the Baron Art Center. I'd like to welcome you here tonight. Um, uh, we've had Maryanne here for countless lectures at this point,
Maryanne. I don't recall how many we've had, and we're very excited to have her back. She's been working so hard for the past two months on this one lecture. And I know because she's been here quite a few times. We've been sort of ironing
out some uh uh computer things and uh uh images and things that we want to talk about, but we're very uh grateful that Maryanne gives her time here um at the Baron Art Center. Um, in fact, Maryanne has two additional lectures in her
American art series. They're afternoon lectures. The information is on your seat uh tonight. If you'd like to sign up for those, please do so. Just go right in over into the office. Uh, and just a quick um introduction to Maryanne. Uh, Maryanne received her BA
in art history from Drew University and her MA from Rutgers University. With 20 years on lecturing experience, Maryanne has lectured in various venues including the Seabor Crystal and Regent cruise ships. And in 2009, um, Maryanne has
lectured at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at Ruckers University. So, uh, any further ado, please welcome Maryanne. [Applause] Thank you. Um before we begin, I think I
have to thank say a a thanks to the people who have helped me with this lecture because uh there are certain things that um I just needed. Uh first of all, I want us to thank Cynthia. She's not here, but she was the one that asked me to please
write up the proposal and which I then submitted. And uh secondly, I have to thank Brandon because he was my rock. I was coming in two or three times a week and I was waiting for him to to go and hide when he saw me coming. All right. I
also want to thank Roxan Kentillo who managed to dig up an a document that I needed. I didn't even have to give her a shovel. She dug it up. Okay. And I also want to thank a doctor who's not here today, but Dr. Warren Buck who is my physician h and who answered certain
medical questions for me so that when I impart it to you I know it's correct. Okay. We're starting with the first portrait of George Washington which was done by William Dunlap who lived in Perth Amboy New Jersey who and and went to visit the Horn family at Rocky Hill
New Jersey where uh Washington was staying. At that time Princeton was the capital of of the United States. Okay. Now Washington was a frequent guest there. Horn asked Washington to sit for Dunlap and he complied. Dunlap and this
is an exact quote from William Dunlap's uh biography. He said, "I was astonished when the simple Yankee sentinels deceived by my fine clothes saluted me as I passed daily. To be noticed as a young painter was delicious."
Well, the work, as you can see, is rather awkward. Uh, Franklin, I mean, Washington's face is kind of flat. If you look at the epilots on the shoulder, they're not really well done. It looks like strings from a mop, you know, and it was
not very good. But there was a reason. When he was still in Perth, Amboy, his father had a store in Perth Amboy and had fought at the French and Indian Wars and decided to settle in Perth Amboy. Um, there was a a fireplace was on. He
was near the fireplace. a cinder came out and went into his eye so that one of his eyes was compromised and that's the reason why the painting looks like that. All right. Now, this painting, however, hangs in Congress in the pri in a private room. It was not damaged on
January 6th. On January 21st, the New York Times reported that a number of paintings were damaged, but it said the oldest painting of George Washington was in a private room. It was this painting. Okay. Throughout the war, George Washington
would spend more time in New Jersey than in any other state, crisscrossing it number of times. Let me give you an example. In 1778, in June 21st, he's in Princeton. In June 26th, he's at Cranberry. In June 28th,
he's at Englishtown. and July 3rd they walk they march 20 miles from Englishtown to New Brunswick in 100 degree heat without any water. Uh and on June 4th to the 7th he is in New Brunswick and he learns of the enemy
dead 300 enemy dead at the battle of Monmouth and by July 11th he's in Pamis. Now how do I know this? Because ju George Washington wrote dispatches dispatches to the Continental Congress but also letters to his family and he
would point put the date and where he was at that time. You see? All right. Now he had um George Washington and William Dunlap had two more contacts together, two more encounters with William Dunlap who was now writing and
producing plays in New York City. In 1789, he uh posted a play called Darby's Return. It was it was set in the in the American Revolution. George Washington was a first night audience. And in 1798,
another play called Andre about John Andre who was a uh a spy. This time, for the first time, George Washington appeared as a character in the play. That's the first time we've seen him. Why won't this work? All right. Now,
here's William Dunlap's picture. And if you look at the eye on the extreme left, you will see that there is damage. All right. Uh he went on to not only just write plays, but he also wrote in 1832, he wrote a book called the arts and um
arts of of of the American of the early of early America. That bush book was published in 1832 and it was still in publication because is the only book we have explaining the
arts and the theater in early America. All right. Now, Benjamin Franklin, when Franklin was set selected by Congress to be our envoy in France, the choice could not have been better. He was um had a very calm demeanor. He
was very f well known and these these things are needed for someone who is a diplomat. Now when he went to France he went as an envoy and he had to pres present his credial credentials to Louis 14 and it was the first time that the
words United States were used in re in for us. Okay. In France when he went there and of course Louie spoke French and so Louie would say leazuni which is United States in French. Okay. But that was the first time that the f phrase
United States was used in uh reference to the to the 13 colonies. He also invented the armonica. Now there's the harmonica. It's a musical instrument believe it or not. It has a series of glasses and uh you you made
you played with the glasses along the rim of the gla of the glasses and you had water in it. Each water would give you a different tone. So he would play that armonica. It was not particularly popular, but some people did buy them and have them in their homes. He also
invented, as you know, a stove and bif focal glasses. And he established the postal system and lit the streets of Philadelphia. and also had a first the first fire company and also the hospital there as well. Now in 1778 and there is
of course the there he he is with the with the lightning. Okay. In 1778 the town of exit was changing its name to Franklin in honor of Benjamin Franklin. In return they asked Franklin, would you please give a bell for our
church? Well, Franklin went one one better. Okay. Instead, he responded with an offer of 116 books for the use of the town's residents. When the volumes arrived, a controversy arose over who
should be allowed to use them. On November 20th, 1790, those attending Franklin's town meeting voted to lend the books to all Franklin inhabithabitants for free of charge. This vote established the Franklin
collection as the first public library in the United States. Now here is Sabdal Boilston. You can see his date 1679 to 1766. In 1721, a a smallox epidemic broke out
in Boston. One of many outbreaks. It smallox was endemic. It was just like the co just like co. Okay. Boilston learned of an inoculation process. The inoculation process was actually
innovated in around the 15th century in Constantinople. And he heard about this innovation from a Reverend Cotton Mathther who was one of the um ministers in in Boston. And so he agreed to try it. He inoculated his
son and two of his slaves. And um the son and one slave lived. The sec the second slave died. But he also uh inoculated between 180 and 215 Bostononians who were willing to take the chance on his uh inoculation. But
many people opposed his work. They threatened his family. They even threw a um a grenade into his house. He was arrested and released when he agreed to inoculate only those with government
pres uh permission. Zabdiel was also the first doctor to perform surgery in America. In 1710, the successful removal of bladder stones and in 1718 the removal of a breast tumor. I can only imagine the screams of the poor
patients. Remember, there was no ether. We're going to talk about that later. Okay. Oops. Oops. Sorry. All right. Now, here is Dr. John Warren. He graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1797
and spent three years studying in London, Edinburgh, and Paris because the Europeans were more advanced in in medical knowledge. He is the co-founder was the co-founder of the New New England Journal of Medicine, which is still still in in existence. The picture
he has shows a heart with a large anu an aneurysm aneurismal tumor that was printed in the journal in 1812. A a drawing of it was printed in 1815. He was named professor of anatomy and surgery at Harvard Medical School. He
founded the Massachusetts General Hospital first founder a founder and was chief surgeon when it opened in 1821. Now in 1846 he performed the first surgery with an
with the use of anesthesia. Um it gave he gave permission to Dr. William Morton to provide ether anesthesia while he performed a surgical removal of a neck tumor. And I'm going to show you where William Morton is. He's right here. He's holding a flask.
In the flask is the ether. And you can see the the patient is relaxed and the surgery is going on. Now u this painting they had to have proof that this was done. I mean you know uh you have to
have some kind of proof. You you you we didn't have photography. We didn't have um videos or anything like that. But there was a large audience there of doctors. And there also was this artist Robert Hinckley who was there probably
sketching and then he wrote did this painting as proof that the anesthesia worked. All right, let's go on to Thomas Jefferson. He was a brilliant polymath functioned at a genius level. He had a
rigorous thirst for knowledge. He spent five years studying the law. He studied ethics, European history, um practi and also practice on his stratavarious violin. But he would
make a make out a plan. He would get up at 5:00 in the morning. He wouldn't have breakfast until after until after 8:00 because he was studying. Then in the afternoon from 8 to 8 to 12:00 noon, he did some more work. And after lunch he
he um wrote a I'm sorry read European history. So he was a very very busy man but he was um he absorbed everything. He absolutely absorbed everything. Was the most well-known
uh uh gentleman with the highest degree of of intelligence in in the the colonies. On June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee proposed to break away from England at the
Continental Congress. All right. Many were in opposition of this, including the people from New York and New Jersey. Now, New Jersey sent the delegates, but they said to the delegates they were forbidden to consent to such a declaration. On June 11th, Adams and
Jefferson were charged with writing the Declaration of Independence. Adams said to Jefferson, "You can write it 10 times better than I can." Jefferson said, "Well, they pressed me me alone to undertake the draft. I consented. I drew
it." Thomas Jefferson wrote three drafts in three weeks laying down the principles and reforms of the I'm calling it the DOI, the Declaration of Independence. the now one of the authors of the Thomas Jefferson's biography has
said quote the genius of Thomas Jefferson's writing lay in his ability to take deep and complicated concepts of history law and philosophy and clothe them in an easy graceful direct almost simple language. Now the one stumbling
block there was of course was slavery. They had to put that aside because we had to create a nation. So they put it aside to worry about it another day. Of course, they didn't know was what was going to happen in 1861.
But that's they had to they had to put it aside because the southerners would not sign the declaration if you had a clause on re getting rid of the rid of slavery. Okay. September 3rd, Thomas Jefferson
finally left Philadelphia for home. He took a new route. The first turnpike in America from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. First turnpike road. And you know what the turnpike was? It the the pike was
like it looked almost like a medieval weapon with a point on it. Was this way. So you had to turn the pike to let the person pass. And chances are it was you had to pay. Uh if if you were on on a horse, you might be one or two cents and
if you were you were bringing a wagon, it probably would be more. But on those early turnpikes, you actually had to pay money. Now, let me see here. Here is Thomas Jefferson's home, Montichello. Thomas Jefferson was also
an architect because he had book a series of books by an a architect named Andrea Padio who revived the classical uh architecture of the Romans in the 16th in the 16th century. He revived it.
Thomas drew Thomas Jefferson drew the plans with ruler and a compass of precise scale of the frontal elevation and the fireplace carrying his measurements to the fourth or fifth decimal. Construction began in 1769.
Black brick brick layers were came in to produce 45,000 bricks for his house. Now here is the University of Virginia. He also designed all the public buildings in the University of Virginia again in the
Palladian style which which even today can be seen in certain certain things. Pilottian windows and whatnot have a beautiful beauty and grace to them and of course the beautiful dome at the top which is just so lovely. Now, Thomas
Jefferson, I told you, was a one who wanted to know everything, but he was too anxious to find out the Northwest Passage to the Pacific and get an accurate sense of resources when we purchased the um the um
um the New Orleans, the entire uh um wait no we entire state of Louisiana and then some. All right. Now, so he put his secretary, Merryweather Lewis, in charge of the core of discovery. William Clark had
field experience and knowledge of the frontier. He recruited 40 unmarried men and trained them. And in May of 14 1804, Clark set out with 30 men and met Lewis who had 10 men when they met in
Missouri. So they went in into the the territory of lo Louisiana and a few months later a woman named Sakagawia who was a Shosonyi Indian and her husband Tucant Shabano joined the group. Now she
was at the time she was pregnant and believe it or not Lewis helped her to deliver the baby. Now she was important because first of all she knew the Shosonyi language and there were other tribes there whose the language may may have varied a little bit but she still
understood it you know it's like different variations of French or Spanish. So, and they they were she was important too because when they came to the tribes, the tribes looked at these white men, but when they saw a woman and
a baby, they realized that these these people were not going to going to hurt us. You we you have traveling with a woman and a baby, you're not going to hurt. So, and of course the uh the entire uh core of discovery which I call car of discovery actually loved the
child. It was just wonderful to to have a child with you. Now, so in 1805, the core of discovery arrived at the Pacific Ocean. The return voyage began on March 23rd, 1806, and
they arrived on September 23rd back in Washington to a hero's welcome. What about the statistics on this? Well, the cost. This is the map here and there is Sakugawia. Sak Jia the cost was between
$30 and $50,000. Of the 40 men who went, only one died. It was a man named Charles Floyd who perished from a burst appendix. The area was mapped, locating mountain rangers and rivers. The tribes
were identified and their language and customs were recorded and artifacts of their culture were brought back. They had traveled 8,000 miles. They left without any horses but were able to barter from some horses from the natives. Now, why didn't they take any
horses? They had to pull all the wagons themselves because if you take horses, can you imagine what you have to feed the horse? You know, you have to take an enormous amount of hay or whatever to feed the horse. So, they simply went without horses. But once they got to the
Indian territory, they were actually able to barter for horses. Now, Louisiana purchase map. Well, it cost us $15 million, $3 million in gold, and our treasury didn't even have that. Okay. Now, the remainder was
financed to, believe it or not, through a British bank because we had paid all our debts for the um from the revolution. and the the English were willing to to uh service us by giving us
the the money for it. The US issued bonds that paid 12.5%. Can you imagine? Now, we had hoped to get just New Orleans for $10 million, but um
wait a minute here. Napoleon. They were afraid Napoleon was going to change his mind. Napoleon needed money to fight a war. He was always fighting a war. He went to even went to Russia and fought a war. Right. So we sent Pierre Dupont was sent to
France as the crier and James Monroe and Robert Livingston negotiated the treaty. It was presented to Congress in October October 17th and within 3 days they had signed it. Boy, they were acting fast. not not like they do today. They dither
and and whatnot three days because they were afraid that Napoleon was going to pull out of the deal and they wanted that that whole part. Now they got good value for money. It was 828,000 square miles of land, 22.3%
of modern US, 3 cents per acre. All are part of 15 states and provinces. Just what they did what did they discover? Well, 122 species of animals with fish, forests, and furs. But the greatest
wealth lay below the soil. The oil, the natural gas, the gold, the silver, the copper, the malibdinum. All of these today are needed to keep the hold, the wheels of industry running and developing initiatives in innovative
technology to solve problems. Here is Sakaguia. This, I believe, is in South Dakota. The statue of her with the baby is in South Dakota. Here's John CPPley. Picture of Paul Rivere. You know, he was there. He is
sitting at his craft. He was a silver smith. Manual work was not denigrated. Rather, it enhances the man and his personality. In 1770, the Boston was responsible for the engraving of the Boston Massacre. There were several different versions,
but Revier did the copper engraving, printed it up, and had it colored. This became the iconic image of the of the incident. And of course, this this little piece of paper was passed throughout the whole 13 colonies and it
enraged everybody and it actually was one of the um flesh flash points for the start of the revolution. Now meanwhile he also inorganized an intelligence and alarm system to keep tracks of the movements of the British
forces. His midnight ride was part of this. He alerted everybody and when Lexington and Concord battle took place, it was at absolute decimation of the of the of the British.
In 1801, he opened up the first American copper meal in Canton, Massachusetts, producing rolled copper. Copper is soft. It can be rolled and a almost like a like a like what a rolling pin. And um he also provided copper sheeting for the
USS Constitution. All right. There is the Boston Massacre. And here is the equestrian statue of Paul Rivere which is in Boston. Whoops. I'm sorry. Here.
Okay. Charles Wilson Peele. Peele was an artist who had studied with Benjamin West in London. Upon returning home, he joined the army and was with George Washington at Valley Forge and the Battle of Trenton and Princeton. The
first the first images of oil in in George Washington. Here it is. Here is the first im image of of George Washington by Charles Wilson Peele before the declaration was issued. He wears the blue sash of the commander
and chief of the army. The Continental Congress had named him the general and chief of the army. Okay, but they still had not settled little things here and there. Now, Peele was a very interesting man. This is also the second miniature
he did of George Washington. At the request of Martha, he painted this miniature for her and as a remembrance for her if he were to die in battle. When he's named the general, he has to go in the front of in the front and he's he's the first one to get killed. And we
were lucky. George Washington, he somehow all the bullets went in the opposite direction. I don't know how, but my god, you know, there were something like 1,300 battles or skirmishes before we could free
ourselves from the British. And when you think of that and you think of the men who were injured or maimed or died, leaving a widow and children, you know what they sacrificed for our country to make us what we are today.
Now Peele established the very first museum in America because he he his he he had trained his sons and his daughters in painting and they painted for portraits of all the presidents and all the well-known people
and even the daughters they were able to make a living with their painting and in other words he was treating his children equally. He was not ignoring the girls. Okay. Now um he established in America for the first
time the first public museum in America which housed not only the art collection but only the also the collection of the Louiswis and Clark expedition. It was given it when it was given to Thomas Jefferson a few years later it was given to his museum because it was the only
museum in the United States. All right. Now in 1850 the museum had to close because Peele was struggling to get government subsidies but he but he it failed. He could not he could not run it any longer. Okay. Now in 1849 the items
from the Louiswis and Clark expedition were sold to PT Barnum and all and many other things too. Not the paintings but many other things too. Barnum stored them in a warehouse in New York City. The storehouse burned and all was lost.
So we don't have the artifacts from the Louiswis and Clark expedition. All right. Now Peele was a very unusual man. He was the first to exumate exume the bones of a masttodon from a far France from a
farm in New York State. He includes this this photo this picture here, this painting of his family and even a picture of his dead wife because he had two wives at that time. Uh the first one had died. Now he even had the water wheel there because they were there was
water in the in the ditch and so they had to get the water out. Okay. And he took all those mastadon bones and they were ill shown in the uh in the museum. Now this is his self-portrait done five years before he died.
Peele did this self-portrait. I think he wanted to be remembered this way as a man dedicated to teaching and opening doors for others to the wonders of the world. Now we're introducing a lady Dolly Madison. She was the she was to define
the role of the first lady in many ways. She married Madison in 1794, a year after losing her husband, her month old son, her mother and father-in-law to the y to a yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. For some reason, every few
years, yellow fever would hit in in Philadelphia. Now, her oldest son, however, survived. She served as a hostess for the widow Thomas Jefferson. And in 1814, we know the British invaded the District of
Columbia. And she was or order ordered the 1796 Peele portrait of George Washington to be taken down by her slave Paul Jennings and under quote under no circumstances allow it to fall into the hands of the British unquote. The frame
had to be broken and the painting rolled up because it was so large you could it was very awkward. roll it up, give it to and they gave it to two men to be hidden. So the painting was saved. Meanwhile, she and her son were still in the White House. The British were in the
in in DC and if she were captured and she and her son were captured, it would have been they would have been hostages. All right. Now, she was a brilliant hostess, first to serve ice cream at the White House. Of course, it was a sensation. In those days, a dinner was
judged by the dessert, not by the regular food, but by the dessert and if it was sweet enough with sugar and the spices and everything else. Now, here is Benjamin Lro. Lro, Pennsylvania is named for him. Now, she was to define the role
and wait. Benjamin LRO born in Britain and trained as an architect. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson named him surveyor of public buildings. He spent 14 years working on the DC projects. In 1814, he remained to rebuild the White House on
the US capital, which was burned by the British. He and Dolly Madison. [Applause] He and Dolly Madison furnished the White House with classical Greek inspired
furniture that was made in America, including brackets in the form of eagles, which are still in the White House, and chairs and benches painted with the great seal. These rooms are treasured, but by the 1950s, it was
looking pretty shabby because no one really took care of it until Jackie Kennedy came to the White House and she saw the deplorable condition of these original pieces of furniture, realizing it had to be reupholstered, maybe re
rebuilded and whatnot in order to save it for the next generation. And she did a wonderful job, by the way. Now, Latroe also was the fir was also to build in Baltimore the first American
cathedral for any denomination. And there is no this is the splendid. This is the inside of the White House done by an artist at the time, the splendid Mrs. Madison. And here is the Baltimore Cathedral that was built by Benjamin Lrobe. It took
them a long time to finish it. 1806 to 1863. By that time, we were my goodness, we were in in the Civil War by that time, and there was fighting, I know, in Maryland. But there it is, and that's the way it looks today. All right. Now, this this is the first
photograph of any first lady, and it's Dolly Madison done in 1846. She struggled in later years. Her son was an alcoholic, a gambler, and went to DTOR's prison. so that he had to be bailed out. Um, she had to sell the
Madison home, the slaves, and and Madison's papers to the government for approximately 22 to $25,000 in order to have some money to bail out her son. Okay, now we're going to start talking
about Robert Fulton. Born in Perth in Pennsylvania, he was a bright lad who learned to read and write before even attending school. He was sent to England by some benefactors where he became interested in steam propelled boats. In
1797, he was in Paris and he built a submarine that he called the Nautilus and conducted trials in the same river. Of course, everybody thought that he was insane doing this, but anyway, there he is in the river with this with this huge nautilus, but however, the French weren't
interested and neither were the English. So, he came back to the United States in 1801 and met Robert Livingston, who we talked about before had gone to gone to Paris. Um and um he Robert Livingston had obtained a 20-year monopoly for
steamboat navigation in the New York waters. 20 years only for him. Now Fulton designed a 66- ft long side paddle wheel boat and registered it as the Claremont. By 1810, three of
Fulton's boats were served not only the Hudson but also the Raritan River as well. Now, as you can see there, he's holding something on his lap. What is he holding? Well, Fton was the first one to make a
torpedo. That is a torpedo. Now, I when I found that out, I said, "Wait a minute, Maryanne. They did not have the technology for a torpedo. You need uh uh certain technology. You need gyroscopes or whatever." The only thing I could think of because this was done in 1807,
all right, was a clockwork mechanism. You know the clock, you put the and you wind the clock up. Well, it was based that's exactly what he used. He used the clockwork mechanism in there. Okay. Now, uh, Fulton showed these models and drawings to Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison, uh, as Secretary of the Navy on a clockwork mechanism, but they they weren't they were lukewarm about it. On July 20th, 1807, he was given a given permission to blow up a small vessel in
New York Harbor to prove its worth in an enemy blockade. He there was a 200 ton Brigantine in the harbor. He had to try three times before the torpedo hit the boat and it went up in
in front of 2,000 people and the mayor and the governor. The brrig was reduced to splinters and as you can see in the background there is a fire that alludes to the fire that could took place after he torpedo that boat. So it was
successful. Okay. Now, well, things were not going to go well very well for him in a little while. By 1824, the Supreme Court overturned Livingston Monopoly. Livingston's monopoly. New York State had infringed
on Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce. Within two years, the Fulton Livingston Company went out of business. They failed to keep up with newer and faster boats. And one of the newer and faster
boats was, let me see, by this man, John Stevens. John Stevens lived in Hoboken. As a matter of fact, he owned the whole town of Hoboken because he had a huge estate there. Now, he he had attended Colombia as a was a lawyer, engineer,
and an inventor. He he produced the first screwdriven boat in 1802. He had a shipyard in Hobokin where he was building a ship to expand his his uh into the into the market going up the
going up the Hudson. Now his most famous boat was the Albany and in would have had many innovations. First of all there were salons for ladies and gentlemen. All the boat speed was also increased. You could go from New York City to
Albany in 10 hours to give the Albany cache. However, he commissioned 12 paintings from very well-known artists such as Thomas Cole and uh Samuel Morse, all famous artists. These paintings were
hung in the Albany, making it the very first floating art art uh collection. [Applause] This was a carefully conceived business strategy designed to guarantee success
with the boat and establish the Albany as the most refined and desirable boat on the river. Now, here is that's Thomas Cole's last of the Moheagans. This hung in the there's there's a lot of other paintings, but I'm going to show you one
last and this is in a museum today. All right. And this is Thomas Cole, last of the Moheagans from uh 1826. Okay, now this is more the Ste Stevens did a couple couple of other things. Here was his engraving of his house. In 1810, he
they had a big piece of property. So in 1810, he designed and constructed a steam locomotive which operated on a circular track on his new New Jersey estate. It is regarded as the first locomotive built in America. Again, New
Jersey. In 1815, he got the first charter charter ever was granted to it in the US for a railroad was given to Stevens. In this was in 1815. In 1830,
15 years later, the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company came into existence. Now when we say Amboy, we don't mean Perth Amboy. It was South Amboy. Okay? From from U Camden to South Amboy. The company
stayed in business from 1830 to 1872. In 1832, there was another line from Trenton to New Brunswick. Now, the the uh Oh, wait a minute here. Yeah. This is this is the the locomotive. They bought this locomotive, the John Bull, from the
British. All right. It was a steam locomotive. And this here is a more a recent photograph of it. You can see it's a much better picture, but it's still they obviously have kept this and they must p bring it out at certain times just for for people to see it because it's certainly very interesting.
All right. Now, the next one here is Dick Clinton. He served as a US senator and mayor of New York for three terms and the governor of New York. He precided over the building of the Eerie Canal which took 3 years from 1825 to 1828.
Many people called it Clinton's folly or Clinton's big ditch. But he firmly believed in developing infrastructure in both New York and the United States. The canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the
Atlantic Ocean. The canal was a success and the tolls from it covered the state's construction debt. The canal was was built um was the the canal was built with so the
goods from the middle west were floated before that the canal before the canal that the goods were floated down the miss down the Mississippi then up to New York City and it took a very long time. Now um
now here this is still this is one of the the it's it's still in existence. It's still there and it is now called the Eerie Canalway National Heritage Corridor. Samuel Morris I told mentioned him as a
as a painter and indeed he did go to London to learn painting with uh with Benjamin West. Benjamin West was an American. So all the Americans who wanted to learn to paint would go to him in London. Okay. Now uh he returned to
Massachusetts determined to be a history painter but there was no market for such wares. He was appointed a professor of painting at the New York University and uh Morse won a coveted um honor of painting this portrait. This is the
marquee de Lafayette when we celebrated our 50th anniversary as a country. Lafayette came from France and he went to every state. Now at that by that time we had 24 states in our union. He stayed
for a year and a half and he went to s every single state in the United States and he was treated like a hero because he had helped us so much during the during the revolution. Okay. Now I should I mentioned the date of 1826
because uh that's when the last signer of the Declaration of Independence died. He his name was Charles Carroll and he was from Maryland. And I think I also ought to point out that in 1825 uh which would be two 200 years from
this Friday, Thomas Jefferson died in the morning and in the afternoon John Adams died in in uh in Massachusetts. So two of our founders died on the 4th of July in 1825. Now
let's see. All right. Now let's go back. Now, this is Morse's receiver. Morse was very, since he couldn't make any money on painting, he began tinkering with uh the idea of getting a telegraph, a signal so
you could send messages on a wire. And he had a problem with it. Getting the signals for more than a few yards. All right. With the help of an NYU professor, he introduced extra circuits or relays at frequent intervals. He then sent a message through the through 10
miles of wire which was the breakthrough. In 18 in January of 1838, Morse made the first public demonstration of the electric telegraph at the Speedwell iron iron works in
Marstown, New Jersey. Another first for New Jersey. Okay. In 1843, Congress gave $30,000 for the construction of a 38mm experimental telegraph line between
Washington and Baltimore. On May 24th, the message, "What hath God wrought?" was sent from the Supreme Court to the station in Baltimore. Again, another first. Morse also here is here's another a a a drawing of
his of his uh telegraph. Morris also was trying to record the human voice and this picture was a photograph by none other than
Matthew Brady. Matthew Brady met Morse through an artist friend and Morse trained him in the newly developed technology of dgeraype. Now his reputation grew uh that is to say Brady's reputation grew but the
dgerer type had a had a had a problem. It didn't last very long. It was a French invention, but it didn't last very long because when you worked with degara types, you had to use mercury to uh finish off the the picture and the
fumes of mercury were making people ill and in some cases they died. So they had to come up with something else that wasn't going to kill people. All right. So eventually with it right about this time around 18 uh 18 late 18 uh40s is
when they came up with the with the the f this this is done not a dgeray type this is an actual photograph. Now um the Brady the the reputation of Matthew Brady grew. He had a miniature gallery
on Broadway in 1844 and he won many awards photographing well-known people like Edgar Alan Poe and James Benmore Cooper who did the uh one of the paintings for the uh for the out for the Albany. Now
he later opened a studio in Washington. Brady was determined to create a comprehensive photo documentation of the war. He became actually he was actually the first war photographer. All right. People didn't know what war was.
Although sometimes they would go to a battlefield to see what was happening, but it was dangerous. All right. Now um he hired a group of photographers, preserved glass plate negatives, brought plates from private photographers
preserving glass plate um from private photographers to make the collection as complete as possible. In 1862 in a New York exhibit at his studio he exhibited a series of de of of degar of
photographs of the dead of Antidum. Now Antidum was a battle fought in 1862 and as most of you know it was a very very bloody battle on both sides. Okay. Now the New York Times said of this exhibit
quote Mr. Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. And I am now, this is Matthew Brady. He was a very handsome guy, by the way, wasn't he? Wow. Um, I'm going to show you four of
the pictures that from of of the the Civil War. And the first one is going to be the Whoop. Sorry. The first one. Oh, glory. First one is death. the dead, the dead at in Antidum and I the Confederate dead and I am
quite sure that picture occur was also used in the in his display. So you can for the first time people saw what what war was like here the officers I found this the officers of the fourth New Jersey re new
New Jersey infantry I don't know how many infantry divisions there were but there had to be at least four of them and there they are you know in front of the pup tent now here oh wait a minute now there's another one here Grant and his staff of
eight there's Grant standing with his stovepipe hat and I don't see a cigar in in his hand because he perpetually smoked perpetually and that's how he died. He died of cancer to to to and before he died he wrote his biography in
two volumes to be able to provide money for his family. And here is the wounded soldiers in a hospital. Boy, I wouldn't want to be in that hospital. Would you? It looks like a barn and I can imagine all the
bacteria that Okay, here is Solomon Andrews. Unfortunately, Solomon Andrews was born 100 years too early. His achievements are amazing considering the limited technology and
power sources of the 19th century. Andrews was a physician and the mayor of Perth Amboy for three terms. All right. Now a lot of inventions are he had a lot of patents. 24 inventions are credited credited to him. A kitchen
range, a sewing machine, a gas lamp, and also a pickp proof lock. A lock that could not be picked. And he had a 30-year federal contract to supply them to the government. Okay? He was a jack of all trades. He was not only the
mayor, he was the justice of the peace. He was the president of the board of health. remember kalera and yellow fever and he also was the collector of taxes for the port of Perth Amboy for the federal government. Okay. But Solomon Andrews, well, I am going to punch a
little hole in something that you believe. You believe that the Wright brothers were the first to fly. Well, you know what? I'm going to show you something different. Whoops. Oh, golly molly.
Wow. This was Arion number one. This is Solomon Andrews balloon that he took a loft. This is the Arion number one. Three 80 ft long 13 ft wide balloons with seven seven internal
cells containing hydrogen. The gondola was 12 ft long. A network of suspension cables allowed the crew to change the inclination of the flight. Arion could lift 600 pounds, including the pilot,
and up to three passengers and ballast. Now, Arion could could easily be be moved around. Arion could point into the wind and then maintain an upward course. The first flight was over Perth Amboy on
June 1st, 1863. Three subsequent flights were made demonstrating that it could fly against the wind, make 360 degree turns, and navigate back to land. Now, in 1864,
he flew one of his Arons for 30 minutes in for 30 miles in 14 1/2 minutes. So, he was going 2 miles a minute, which was quite a quite uh uh fast in those days. Now in July 5th of 19 1864 the US patent
office granted a patent for the Arion. Andrews offered it to the to the government uh to Union Army but they declined. Now it would have been a good idea because then they could have tracked the the way the the uh the Confederates were were moving but they
refused. And this was in 1864. The war ended in 1865. Now here is an oh I don't know why this is doing this I'm sorry now when I was preparing this lecture I suddenly remembered that somebody had
given me a book a number of years ago a paperback that was published in Perth Amboy in 1937 and it was about the history of Perth Amboy and when I opened it up there was this engraving of of the area the Arion Number one, you can see
the three balloons. And I don't know what the balloons were made of. I really don't I mean, they wouldn't be rubber. I suppose that maybe they would be a heavy canvas. I don't know what else they would would have used. Okay. And there it is. The ship, the boat, the uh it's
it's sailing along. Now, he made he this was the first one, but he made some little changes to Arion number two. Here is Arion number two from 1866. It's a single hole design and it looks
kind of like a flattened lemon. It was they control the buoyancy by using a complex set of ropes and pulley to squeeze or release the internal pressure the external pressure on the hydrogen gas bags. In May 25 on May 25th, 1866,
they launched it from lower Manhattan. It flew up the Fifth Avenue north to Harlem across the East River into Atoria, Queens. It reached a maximum altitude of 2,000
ft. And and because he he was he was sure that people would probably get scared. They see this thing and you know they they run they were run like crazy. So he had cards made up and here were the cards and and they were they were thrown down
from the from the the uh place so that everybody Oh, look at wait, look at this. Oh, that's that Mr. Andrews who's doing who's doing these flights. Okay. So they didn't have to be scared. So that's that's there it is. Now um
for the second flight on the Arion, he had a larger rudder. They experienced flight control problems but landed safely in Brookfield Brookfield, Long Island about 90 minutes and 30 miles from as from Manhattan. On this flight,
they reached an altitude of 6,000 ft. Now, that's pretty pretty high. Okay. Uh this was this second flight was Andrew's last flight. He realized that he he he he hoped in 1865 he hoped to create a company chartered a
company for transportation from New York to Philadelphia which would be kind of handy wouldn't it but the p post civil war e economic crisis and the bank failures doomed the project and in 1865 Andrews wrote a book called the art of
flying if you ever find it in a bookstore or in a in a used bookstore you ought to buy it up because it's probably worth a lot of money. Now, I want to bring some other ladies into this into this lecture. I'm I'm not I'm not ignoring the gals. This is a lady
named Hetty Green. She was the heirs to her family's fortune. During the guilded age, she was the richest woman in America and known as the queen of Wall Street. She was close to her father. She read him the financial page at the age of six. And by the age of 13, she became
the family bookkeeper. The father put her in charge of the family's finances so she would learn things. Okay. Now, she was frugal and shunned society or any partnership. And she said she wrote, "Whether rich or poor, a woman should
know how to how a bank account works, understand the complexities of mortgages and bonds, and know the value of interest and how it accumulates." unquote. Now, in n the in 1907 and '08, there was a panic, financial panic in
the United States. Um, it was a complete meltdown of our financial system. Nobody knew what to do. Along comes this man, JP Morgan. All right? And you can go to his house on Lexington Avenue and 35th
Street. You can go in there. You can go into his office. You can walk through the whole building. He has something like I believe he had two copies of the um uh copy of the Magna Card and I think he's got two original Bibles and whatnot. Okay, but we're going to talk about what happened that day. JP Morgan
called all the financiers and bankers to his office. I believe it was a Friday night. He locked the door and said no one would leave until they all came to an agreement to halt the panic. Well, naturally people wanted to go home and
eat. Okay. Now, Hedi Green was the only woman in that room with all those money, men. She helped bail out New York City with a loan of $1.1 million in 1908,
not 2025. Okay? So, in other words, we had to bail out New York a hundred years ago. Okay? So, it's it's going to be it's going to happen again, I'm sure. Okay? Now, here's another lady, Madam CJ
Walker. You've probably heard things about her. Uh, she was born in Louisiana on a plantation to sharecro her parents. She was born, she wasn't born a slave. She was born in 1867. All right. She was orphaned by the age of seven and she worked in the cotton fields. At 14, she
married a man to escape her cruel brother-in-law. In 1885, she gave birth to her only daughter and she was widowed by the age of 20. Now, here is a woman to basically illiterate with a small baby. Um, so she went to St. Louis where
she had four brothers who were barbers. She had a total of three months of education of in Sunday school in literary lit literary classes to so that she could learn to read. That was the
sole amount of her education, 3 months. Now, she suffered from hair loss and experimented with home remedies and products from another woman named Annie Malone. In 1905, she moved to Denver as a sale a sales agent for Malone, but she
concocted a scalp conditioning and other healing products and sold them in the streets for 50 cents. By the end of her life, she had a lavish estate in Irvington, New York, a social gathering place for afroamerican community. She
was a philanthropist. She uh gave money to the NAACP, the Tusky endowment, which we're going to talk about in a little while, the scholarships for women, unusual to give a scholarship for a woman. Black the
black YMCA and other charities as well. I have three quotes from Madame CJ Walker. The first one is, I got my start by giving myself a start. The second one, it's pretty hard for the Lord to
guide you if you haven't made up your mind which way to go. And number three, America doesn't respect anything but money. What our people need is a few millionaires. Okay. Now, the next is John Phillip
Susa. Susa en enlisted in the Marine Corps band at the age of 13, but then he left to join a pit orchestra to learn conducting and also wanted to learn how to do play on the violin. In 1880, he returned to the marine band and
developed it into the premier military band. Between 1892 and 1931, they performed at 15,623 concerts and the 1900 and in and the
1900 World Exposition in Paris where the where the band marched through the streets uh to the Arctic Triumph. Here is a picture of the seash sheet music and it says there composed expressly for and played the first time at the
dedication of the luff at monument Paris July 4th 1900. The band also performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London and at 1911 it played they played at the palladium. He was a very prolific musician. I don't
think this guy ever took it ever slipped. He wrote 130 marches, 15 operetas, 24 dances. Add infinitum. It was fabulous. Star the stars and stripes forever, which is now our national the national march of the
United States. Now he even invented the sousophone. Maybe he thought his band didn't have enough brass. So they I got this wonderful picture of these sousafones. So anyway, you will see them, you know, in in the in the Macy parade when they have the brass bands,
you will see these big sousafones. I don't even know how you carry these things. They must be enormous and and very very heavy. So there it is. This was in Provo, Utah in 2011. Here's a picture. I didn't put a caption because you all know what it is. Unless
you've been sleeping like like Rip Van Winkle, you all know what this is. Okay. Robling and the Brick Brooklyn Bridge. John Robling was a German immigrant and a brilliant engineer. While surveying for the location of the bridge, he had an accident that crushed his toes.
Disregarding medical advice, he washed his foot with water that was contaminated. He developed tetanus and he died. So, he could not continue on that. His son Washington Robing was also a bridge builder and he was also he had
also been uh served in the Union Army as well and um he worked on the project for 14 years. He was to die as a result of the bends which are nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. We all have nitrogen in our body. Okay, that's and at at street
level you're fine. But once you go down the the the bubbles expand and you have to come up very slowly otherwise you will get something called the bends and it can lead to inst just about instantaneous death and I do know somebody who died of the bends. I do
know someone who who had was had that. Now by 1872 he could no longer visit the sight of the bridge. He observed the progress through a telescope. his wife. And I'm gonna have wait. All right. Here. I love this picture because it
looks like a diamond necklace, doesn't it? And if you look in the very, very, very, very top, you're going to see a little white thing that we're going to be talking about in a few minutes. All right. Here is John Robling and Washington Robing. And here is Emily Robling. Because she was the one she
had, she his wife Emily trained herself as an engineer and would take her husband's directives to the workers every day. Okay. So, she was also involved in this because her husband was basically in Envalid. Now, here
first of all, I'm going to give you the bridge statistics. Okay. Begun in 1869, finished in 1883. The total length is 6,16 ft. Clearance at the center is 135 ft.
It was the most daring engineer project of the 19th century. The towers rose 300 ft above the water. Astonishing at an astonishing height at that time. Now these here is the building of the stone towers. Okay. Now these stone towers
stand on quesons. Now I'm going to I'm going to change it. Wait a minute here. No. Now the quesons digging in an atmosphere of compressed air was very dangerous. The quesons were large wooden boxes with no bottoms. They
were towed into the position and sunk in the water. The men dug away at the mud to reach bedrock upon which the bridge would sit. The only illumination were gas lamps and the sand the sand hogs had to pass through a series of airlocks to
prevent again getting the bends. The massive stone towers were built at top the quesons. Now the Brooklyn quesan is 44 ft below water but the Manhattan quesan is 78 ft below water. In other words the the the bed of the river was
not straight. It was like this. Okay. Now I'm going to show you something else. This is a picture taken of the bridge in prog progress. Let me see now. And you can see some men standing up
there and there is a sign there. So I enlarged the picture to figure out what the sign was. The sign says safe for only 25 men at one time. Do not walk close together. Do not jump or
trot. Break step. Wa Robling engineer in charge.qu. They are standing on a foot bridge put in place in 1877 for use of bridge workers but daring people who obtained special permission could walk across it.
Now that was you know and if you fell off you you wouldn't sue anybody. You well you you wanted to do it so you did it and you fell. Okay this this reminded me of something and I know you probably remember this. Do you remember the Frenchman Philip Phillip Petit who
strung a wire between the two uh uh World Trade Center and the the cops in New in in in New York went crazy because there he is walking across on the wire and they're telling him to come back and they they fire they put put him
in handcuffs and what the whole policeman the whole police troops they all went crazy because he wasn't supposed to do that. All right. All right. So anyway, okay. So that was during the construction of the bridge.
Now here is something else. This is the cables that were made of galvanized steel wire. They are 15.75 in in diameter containing 5,282
parallel cables wrapped closely together and together in a cylindrical shape. The length of the main suspension span is 1,595 ft. These cables were produced by Roling factory outside of Trenton, New Jersey.
So the cables came from New Jersey. Now, here is another lady you may have heard of. Edith Wharton was the lady who chronicled the Gilded Age. She was a prolific writer. She wrote 40 books in 40 years. Most of them are still in
print. She was the first woman to win the Puliter Prize in 1921 for The Age of Innocence, which was made into a wonderful movie uh directed by Martin Scorsesei, and it was recently on on Netflix. Now, she also
received a gold medal for fiction and was admitted to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She moved to France just before World War I. And when the war started, she didn't run away. She stayed, remained there using her money
for charity, building homes and schools for refugees and also workrooms for the unemployed, and also opened three hospitals for the injured. After the war, she was admitt uh awarded the Lejon Doner. This is her pavilion, her garden
outside of Paris. She had an estate outside of Paris. And this is a picture of the garden. All right. Another lady, Nelly Bllye. This is the first investigative reporter. She wrote a column in
Pittsburgh. She she wrote a reply to a column in Pittsburgh to the Pittsburgh Dispatch. The editor was impressed and he hired her. But she wanted to do real reporting. So she went to New York City to the New York World was which is at that time was owned by the Pulitzer
family. She heard about a place called Blackwells Island. So she took an under undercover assignment to investigate reports of brutality and neglect at the New York City Mental Health Hospital on Blackwells Island. In order to get into
the asylum, she pretended to be insane and they took her the police took her to the to the asylum. There she gathered observations and saw at firsthand the abuses and deplorable conditions. After 10 days, she was released. Her report,
10 days in a mad house, led to reforms and made her famous. Her writings also shed light on the experiences of marginalized women. Now after that she did now she was the first investigative reporter. Think of Woodri Wood Woodward
and Bernstein. Think of Maggie Maggie Haberman for this for the New York Times. Woodward and Bernstein for the Washington Post. And when they went to the boss and he said I don't know about this they said look we've got the proof. We all right. He said you can go with it. And they find they f he finally gave
them commission permission to continue with the investigation. And we know what that happened that the whole apple cart was thrown over now. So she then suggested to her editor and Pulitzer always liked publicity. He was crazy for
publicity. So she went to Pulitzer and she said uh she says she wanted to take the book around the world in 80 days from uh was done by Jules Vern and from fiction to fact. Smart move. She became famous as the paper reported her
adventures. The newspaper offered a grand prize to readers who would estimate her arrival time back in New York. So her itinerary, well, first she went to England, then she went to France where she met Jules Vern, then to
Bindesi, Italy. It's a very nice town. I've been there once for one of my birthdays. I spent it in Brendisi, Italy, Suez Canal, Silon, Penang and and Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. She traveled alone for most of the journey.
That was a first because a woman could only travel with a male relative or her husband. A woman traveling alone was suspect. Maybe she is a scarlet woman if she's traveling alone. Okay. So in other words, it was another barrier that a
woman a woman woman broke so that we are free now to get into a bus if we want to take a bus ride. Okay. I mean now here is the here is the mental hospital. Okay.
Here is she's I'm sorry. This she left on November 14th came back on January 25th. She traveled 24,898 mi in 72 days.
And here, oh gosh, here is a a an engraving of her arrival back in New York City. And that was in one of the newspapers at the time. Thomas Edison and Henry Ford. In 1896,
these two geniuses met at a convention for Edison Electric. Um he spoke to Edison spoke um Ford spoke to him and Edison told Ford keep on working with that car because that is the car of the future. He said those those cars you're
putting out. They were exchanging messages and they began exchanging messages and birthday greetings by in in 1816 they actually became neighbors. Ford buying an estate next to Edison's in Fort Meyers, Florida. Their homes are
preserved for the tourists. Now the greatest invention of course with Thomas of Edison was the invention of the light bulb. The first street lights in New in America were at Christy Street in Edison, New Jersey where he had his um
uh studio. And so he put uh street lights on the whole street. Now, he is also responsible for the first pornograph photograph to record voice and music and motion pictures that that
began in the Black Mariah in West Orange, New Jersey. And um where the first movies were made. In other words, Edison gifted the world with the entertainment choices we have today. His birthday should be a national
holiday. And there is the black Mariah. Oh dear. Oh, come on. Here is the black Mariah. Uh it it had a it had a roof you you could raise up in order to make it uh you needed uh more light. But the reason why they went out the weather in New
Jersey wasn't so good. So that's when they decided to go to um California where the weather was better and that's the reason why movies were made in California. Now, here were two. Again, I'm using Walter Chrysler and Henry Ford here.
A salute to two automobile pioneers. Ford for his innovation of the production line still used by automakers to this day with computer technology. No more heavy lifting of the motors into the chassis. Chrysler for his beautiful
cars. My dad had a Chrysler and so did I. But Walter Chrysler also left us another gift. And here it is, the Chrysler building. This was not intended at Chrysler's headquarters. It was intended as a real
estate investment for his kids. It really though became a gift to this to New York City. It's not the tallest building. The It's not the tallest, but it's the most beautiful one. At a height of 1,046 ft, it is the tallest brick
building in the world. An architectural treasure capped with a series of Arctico arches forming a 125 ft spire reaching to the heavens. There was a special steel developed by the German company
crop with 18% chromium and 8% nickel to give brightness to the steel. Now this they started this uh building in 1928. Crup was the same person that gave
created all the steel for Hitler's panzers and that as you know happened by 1939. Okay. Now the architect was a man named William Van Allen. And by the way this what you
see here is carried into the interior of the building. So, in other words, the interior, it echoes what you see on the outside. It's world famous. It's been in the movies, Sex in the City, Spider-Man, and also Godzilla. It also has its own zip
code, 10174. Now, we're going to Dr. Frederick Alby. Dr. Alby was internationally famous for his work in repairing shattered bones by war or accident. His book on the subject was considered the gold standard. Even
into the 20th century, shattered limbs were still being removed so that the person had no no uh arm or leg. But Dr. Alby preferred using bone grafts rarely used. But Dr. Alby did bone
grafts even of the jaw which are very difficult because the jaw is as hard as ivory. He demonstrated his pro procedures in Europe and was decorated by 16 nations. In 1917
of the first hospital was constructed with funds from Congress with Dr. Alby in charge. It was known as US hospital number three. Don't forget the war was still going on 1917. And the US hospital number three was located in Colonia, New Jersey.
Hospital number one was going to be in Washington and hospital number two was going to be in Boston but they were never built. The only one that was built was Dr. Alb's because he was taking getting all the men with shattered limbs
from the first world war. Now um in February of 1918 the construction began on land from the estate of Charles Freeman who hearing of Dr. Alb's night need for a site gave him
200 acres in Colonia. On June 3rd of between February and June, they had this whole thing built. It only took 3 months to build it. I don't know how they did it so fast because any other government projects today could can drag on for 10 or 15 years. Okay. The construction
began on fe in February 18 1918 and on June 3rd of 1918 the first admission of patients to the hospital which accommodated 5,000 500 to 1,000 patients in 110 buildings spread over 200 acres
with 2,000 beds, a swimming pool, a central heating plant, five kitchens, and a fire department. The cost was $3.5 million, but it was the most complete hospital in this country because it had all the necessary services for these
men. You didn't have to to take them somewhere else for therapy or whatever. Now, between July 1918 and October 1919, 6,000 wounded came to Colonia. The majority of that these were returned to
active civilian life. On October 19, October 1919, they closed the hospital and he and his wife sailed on the Moritania to a rehab conference in Rome. Now, this is the house, Bllymore, that
was at 125 125 uh Do um well, I live at 125 Dover Road. I live on the allbe property and and and there was a marker on my on my and I this was purely
happen happens chance when when I went to the um uh to the builder who was a member of my my my church uh I asked him Joe do you have any more property available? Oh he said Maryanne I've got all four plots. So, I had first choice
and I took and I I didn't know that I was taking the 125 Dover Road until after, of course, I moved in and got got that as my address. So, and here is Dr. Albby in 1918, the first spinal bone
graft in the US hospital number three in Colonia, New Jersey. There's the picture of it. And he was doing a again a a spinal bone graft for someone that has tuberculosis of the spine. And um everybody knows that in n in the 19th
century tuberculosis was a scourge. It hit so many thousands of people and killed them. But this was a bone graft for a spinal um a spinal bone bone graft uh for for someone that had tuberculosis of the
spine. Now, here is Heddy Lamar. How many of you know Heddy Lamar? Who who she is? Okay, sure. She was famous for her beauty that propelled her to movie stardom. Hetty Keesler, however,
had another side to herself. Born in Austria to a wealthy family, by the time she was 5 years old, she took apart her music box to see how it worked and then put it back together again. By the time she was 10 years old, she was a competent pianist. Her mother taught her
to speak to do the piano and she could speak four languages including English. In 1938, because she was so beautiful, she became under contract to MGM in such films as Alers with Charles Buoyet,
Zekefeld, Samson and Delilah with Deil, Cesaly Deil, Boomtown, and Comrade X which was a comedy with Clark Gable. They very rarely show comrade X, but it's very very funny. She plays the part of a Russian and Clark Gable is an
American and she is a a uh she runs a u uh a bus in in in Moscow and and she's a committed communist, but it really is very very funny now. And she was famed for her beauty, but
she said, quote, "Any girl can be glamorous. All you have to do is stand still and look stupid. Okay. Now, in 1941, and here is where Brandon got this
wonderful picture of her, she was working with a music composer who composed mu music for uh the movies, including um the Pride and the Passion when with Sophia Lauren. uh the the the music for that was done by Charles
Antile. They began working on a secret communication system which she patented and offered to the US Navy. They refused it and told her she should sell war bonds. So she did. She went out and sold a lot of movie stores went out to sell
war bonds because we we desperately needed that money. Now, her invention is now referred to as frequency hopping, pertaining to a way for radio or transmitters to jump from one frequency to another. This way, any enemy
interception of classified signals and messages would be stymied. All right. Lamar's idea propelled the propelled the advent of the transistor and is used to this day in wireless communication such
as GPS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. Beauty and brain, she had it all. Remember that the next time you use your GPS? Now, I told you I was going to talk about Tus Tuskiggee. Remember I mentioned that with with the Madame CG
Walker. The Tuskegee was selected by the US Army because they already had a proven civilian pilot training program. Between 1941 and 1946, they trained 1,000 black men who were trained as pilots and later as navigators or
bombaders. They were known as the Red Tales because the back of their I'm going to show you a color picture of the back of the the plane. There was it was a red tail on it. Okay. Now, here it is. There's there's the red tail. You see this is this is the kind of thing they they flew in. Now the
statistics the 332nd fighter group the airmen success was in escorting the the bombers in World War II had one of the lowest loss records and were in constant demand for their services by the Allied bombing units. In
other words, these were the the ones that didn't do the bombing, but they were they went with them to be able to fend off the enemy. Now it the 99th squadron was ordered awarded two presidential unit citations in 1943 for
aerial bombing in the 12th air force in Italy and another in 1944. Two pilots flying thunderbolts bombed a German destroyer in the harbor of Triest Italy. And another citation in 1945 for
the longest bomber escort mission to Brazil. Again, you had the bombers, but you also had the escort that went with them to fight off any impending from the from the enemy. In 1948, President Truman gave executive
order 9981 direct which would which directed equality of treatment and opportunity in all of the US armed forces which led to the end of racial se segregation in all the military forces. Now, here is one
man named Harry Stewart. I put him in here because he died not three three month three or four months ago. Born on July the 4th. In one dog fight, Harry Stewart down two enemy planes. He then received a radio warning of a German
plane define behind him. He did a 180 and shot down that third plane and he received the ding the distinguished flying cross. And I put him in here. This is of course a a picture from the time. You can see by the by the by the
uh sepia tone tone of it. But I put him in here because uh this was just an example of one. And uh the Tuskegee airmen were the when the the bombers went out, they wanted the Tuskegee guys to come with them because they were so well trained.
Now, oh golly molly. All right. Now we're going coming to the to the middle of the 20th century. Jonas Sulk was the first man who formulated a
successful polio vaccine. He refused to patent it believing it belonged to humanity quote unquote. The research began in 1947 and by 19452 he had inoculated volunteers and
himself, his wife and his three kids. He gave them the polio vaccine to make sure that it would and it was he could possibly have taken one of them. Okay. Now 1953 was the worst year for for
polio in this country with 57,628 cases. When I say photos by Ysef KH, Ysef KH was a Armenian. He came to Canada. He went to Canada and was became a very famous photography photographer
who photographed all the celebrities and famous people including you you may remember the bulldog portrait of um Winston Churchill or he's got his he looks so angry. The reason why he's angry is he came into the studio when he
had a cigar and Ysef Kh took the cigar away from him. He didn't like that he wanted the cigar. So anyway, but this is these two pictures are are by Yousef KH and beautifully done too. That's beautiful. And this is another another lady. You may have never heard of this
lady and but I want to make her famous again. She was born in Canada and came to the US in 1936 to the University of Chicago as a research assistant and PhD candidate in pharmarmacology which she received in 1938. That was unusual to
have a PhD in pharmarmacology for a woman. The same year a pill for infections killed 107 Americans. An investigation led to to the sweet flavoring of the pill.
Wait a minute now. Control. I got to get my other page. Sorry. It turned out the sweetening of the pill turned out to be antifreeze. In 1938, there was public outrage about this. You're giving these people poison.
The Congress passed the first federal food drug and cosmetic act in 1938. Everything had to go through this comp this branch of the government. By 1960, Kelsey is now the head of the NDA, which
was the new drug application. If you had formulated a new drug, you had to give it to the government and let them test it. Okay. Now, uh, Richardson Merrill sent in their application for Kevoddon. That was the that was the name they were
going to market it on, but it was something called Theolyomide. Do you know what the Mealomide is? Okay, you don't, but you will in a minute. Okay. Now, Kelsey found multiple omissions in the application and the
data, which was merely testimonials, not hard facts. By this time, by the way, Richardson Merrill was distributing the drug in free samples. There was a side effect to the drug, neuritis. It would in it would inflame
the uh the the the nerves. She suspected that Richardson Merrill knew about the problem, but they were not forthcoming. By this time, Richardson Merrill was very angry at her. They called her a chemist, which
she was not. She was a PhD in pharmarmacology and also an MD by the way and um they also made smarmy remarks about her looks. She prevented the drug from being sold in the United States.
One woman standing up to big pharma. Now between 1957 and 1962 more than 10,000 infants were affected by the theomide and many died in uterero. It was released to Canada,
Great Britain, Japan, West Germany, West Germany, New Zealand, and Australia. The US had 17 cases. And I thought, how could they give in the Obviously, somebody took the samples? These children were born without
arms or legs. In other words, I've seen a theolyomide victim in one of my trips to New Zealand. He had hands, little fingers that stuck out from his shoulders. He had feet, but he had no legs, so he could not walk. He was
probably about 30 in. It looked the size of a doll. He could not feed himself. He could not brush his teeth. And when I saw this, I asked my friend, I said, "Diane," I said, "What do they do with these people?" She said,
"Maryanne, the government pays for each of them to have a caretaker." Can you imagine if it had happened in our country and 20 or 30,000 children were born like that? The expense, the anguish. So, this woman to me is a hero
and deserves to be in this lecture. Now, this is there. She golly, why does it do this? In 1962, she received the Distinguished Federal Federal Civilian Service Award,
the second woman to receive this honor. Kelsey stayed with the FDA until she was 90 years old. They needed her. She stayed. She retired then and she died at 101 in 2015. Very few people know her
name, but she should be very well known. He, President Kennedy, gave her this because he realized she she was the only one standing between absolute horrendous horrendous things and and uh the the the
uh Richardson Merrill. I don't know what happened to the company. I don't believe they're in business anymore. I don't they may have gone out of business or may have been taken over. I don't know. But they don't exist anymore. All right. Here's John Glenn. Seven astronauts were shap were accepted into
the Mercury project. John Glenn was selected to be the first astronaut to go aloft in the Mercury 7 capsule. In 1962, he circled the earth for three times in the capsule. The capsule was very small
and in order to reduce the weight in the capsule, John further John Glenn went on a diet and had to lose 30 pounds to make this to make the the thing more buoyant. Okay. Now um in 19 from 1974 to 1999 he
served as senator from Ohio. All right here is the Apollo mission January 6 July 16th. How many of you remember Apollo the Apollo mission? It was wonderful. It was a grand time to be alive and see all this stuff. It was
fabulous. Oh wow. uh in July 16th, 1969, when John Kennedy was pre was president, he he promised that he said, "I I am going to they were going to start the uh the uh space project." He wanted to put
a man on the moon and bring him back safely by the end of this decade, which of course was the 1960s. So this was the last opportunity 1969 for it to happen when he wished it. Now this is the first crew to land on the moon. On July 20th,
Neil Armstrong, who you see there on the left, was the first to set foot on the moon. And he said when he set when he set his feet on the moon, quote, "One small step for man, one giant step for mankind."
Eight, it was an 8-day mission. They collected lunar samples, solar wind samples, deployed scientific instrumentation, and also a seismometer to determine whether or not there were earthquakes on the moon. Here it here's again a lighting off the
uh from the uh capsule. Remember this picture from the beginning? Well, we've come a long way, baby, haven't we? Okay. Now, this is Robert Jarvik. Dr. Jarvik was the principal designer of
the p first permanent artificial heart implanted in a human being. In 18 in 1982, the FDA gave permission for the device to be implanted. Dr. Jarvik is on the left and on the right is Dr. William
Dere who implanted the heart in a man named a man a man uh in Barney Clark a retired dentist. He survived for 112 days attached to a 400 lb compressor that helped the Jarvic pump blood through his body. The man who lived the
longest was William Schroeder. He lived for 620 days. But the thing is they had to stay in the hospital because they were tethered to the to the compressor. Okay. Now the design became smaller. Today they
are the size of a C battery and are implanted in the body. In 20123 there was a study there were 1,700 patients worldwide walking around with a heart like this. Now this is a quote from my doctor Dr. Buck
um Menllo Park Medical Group. The Jarvik 7 allowed for further research into the development of a device that would permanently replace the heart when the transplants were not feasible. This led to the development of the heart lung machine, enabling doctors to
operate on the heart, correct problems, and restart the heart. It has saved the lives of thousands of people, including my mother who lived for 14 and a half years after her surgery with me in the home I built for us in Colonia at 125
Dover Road. So, I'm very happy for that. Now, I'm going to show you something else. This is a little bit of a digression, but I think you'll be interested in seeing this. This is the North A North drone that was developed by Northrup Grumman.
I know about this drone. I've learned about it because uh my the man who was my companion for seven years worked on this project. Okay. He was very he was very one of the leaders in the project quite frankly. I found this out uh from
his uh from his colleagues after he died. This is the defense industries are on the cutting edge developing new and safer techniques for defense. For example, Rathon has its Patriot missile system and Northrup Grumman with this
drone. It was a US Navy project called the Triton. I'm going to show you later on pictures of the the the uh uh me momento that Lou got with when when the it had the first flight, the Triton, it was called the Triton because
it was a Navy project. It had its first flight in 2013, which is like, you know, 12 years ago. The wingspan of this drone is 150 ft and can be refueled in flight and fly above radar. As a matter of fact, that's how they got the picture.
They were going to coming in to uh to fuel it and that's the way they got this wonderful picture. Now, my late companion Lewis Lascowski was instrumental in this project that continued into 2021.
The equipment that was inside the drone had to be tested. So, and they wanted to test it to see if it could withstand a thunderstorm or some kind of ray being shot at uh shot at the at the drone. All right. So, they put the Triton in a
hanger and they bombarded it with electricity for at least 1 hour. This was as dangerous test as it could have started a fire. They had to be very careful. They're dealing with electricity after all. Afterwards, all
the equipment on the drone aboard the drone was tested to see if all was operational. Lou was in charge of this test. And his team members told me how important he was. This equipment works. The Navy was constantly, however,
revising the parameters and changes to be made. And in 2021, with the pandemic on, the contract was cancelled. Now, the Triton, they also would take the skin off the Triton. I was, this was told to me just two days ago by one of Lou's
colleagues. He said we would take the skin off the Triton when we did software updates because we put the software in and then we had to test each piece of equipment to de to detect any glitches in the software. So, now I want to show
you this. This is the picture on the right. It says the first first flight of the Triton. There it is. And there is the Triton itself. And there it is. The first flight was in 2013. So they had obviously been working on this from probably about two or three years before. Now the Navy still has this this
technology of course. I mean not the Navy North of Grumman still has the technology and can use it. So I wanted to end with showing you a drone which is much bigger than the drones you see the little ones and whatnot. Okay. So I want
to thank you all for your time and attention. And if you have any questions, I'd be very happy to answer them. Thank you very much. Thank you.